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What is Fermentation and How Does it Work?

A short video explaining what fermentation is and how it works. I hope that y'all learned something new from this video :) Timestamps: 00:00 Intro 00:22 What is fermentation? 00:42 How does fermentation work? 01:57 Applications of fermentation 02:34 Summary Music:    • K/DA Beats for Lo-fi Legends | Legends of ...   Sources: https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-fer... https://www.khanacademy.org/science/a... Transcript: Yeast is quite famous for helping us make some of our favourite foods, such as bread and yogurt, through a fascinating process called fermentation. Without the help of those microbes, our diet and late night pubs will get a lot more boring. So in this video, we will go over what fermentation even is, how it works, and where it is used. Starting with the definition of fermentation, it is the process of an organism breaking down and converting a carbohydrate, such as lactase sugar in milk, into an acid or an alcohol, such as lactic acid in yogurt. This whole process is anaerobic, meaning that it doesn’t require oxygen, as long as there is sugar present! So now how does it work? There are two main types of fermentation, lactic acid fermentation and ethanol fermentation, and they both start with the process of glycolysis. Through this process, a sugar is broken down, while releasing energy for the organism to harvest, leaving behind two pyruvate molecules. Normally, in humans, after we use glycolysis to get energy, the pyruvate molecules are then transported into the mitochondria (Krebs cycle) and broken down into carbon dioxide during cellular respiration, or when we breathe. But, during fermentation, the pyruvate molecules don't get used for cellular respiration, as they are used to make other compounds. During lactic acid fermentation, the 2 pyruvate molecules are converted into 2 lactate molecules, or lactic acid, through those complicated looking equations. And during ethanol fermentation, the 2 pyruvate molecules are converted into 2 ethanol molecules, through this other complicated looking equation. Notice here that all of the pyruvate here is used up to be converted into either lactic acid or ethanol, and none of it is used up for cellular respiration, hence why the process of fermentation is anaerobic. So now, where are they used for? Surprisingly, fermentation doesn’t just limit to the microbes, as our muscles use this process as well! When you exercise too much, say running away from a t-rex, your muscles will switch from cellular respiration to lactic acid fermentation when there isn’t enough oxygen to keep your legs moving. In terms of food, this is a common process for making dairy products, bread, and also pickles. On the other hand, ethanol fermentation is used to produce alcoholic drinks, such as beer and wine. In all cases, fermentation also produces carbon dioxide gas, making us more gassy. And there we have it! Through a simple process of converting sugars into acid or alcohol, we can use microbes to create many different foods, as they convert the resulting pyruvate from glycolysis into different molecules. Thanks to them, we are able to diversify our diet and bring more ways to prepare our food than we thought! I hope that y’all have learned something interesting today, thank you for watching, and stay hydrated! #fermentation #biology #food