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The Battle of Thermopylae is one of the most studied military engagements in ancient history. Fought in 480 BC during the Second Persian Invasion of Greece, this battle saw a small coalition of Greek forces, led by King Leonidas I of Sparta, hold the narrow coastal pass of Thermopylae against the vast army of the Achaemenid Empire under Xerxes I. This video provides a comprehensive historical analysis of the conflict, moving beyond popular myths to examine primary sources, including the accounts of Herodotus. We explore the geopolitical context of the Greco-Persian Wars, the strategic importance of the "Hot Gates," and the specific military tactics utilized by the Spartan phalanx against the Persian Immortals. We also analyze the critical role of the Thespians and Thebans, the impact of the betrayal by Ephialtes, and how this delaying action allowed the Greek city-states to prepare for the decisive naval Battle of Salamis. Join us for an in-depth look at the equipment, geography, and enduring legacy of this pivotal moment in Western civilization.