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Sreni

SRENI In ancient India, a shreni (or sreni, śreṇi) was a powerful, self-governing guild or association of traders, merchants, and artisans specialized in a specific occupation. Usually, there are separate shreni for specific groups of people engaged in the same occupation or activity. Sometimes Shrenis is compared to a guild. Originating around the 5th century BC, these organizations regulated manufacturing standards, quality, prices, and wages, acting as a crucial economic, social, and judicial body that functioned like a modern corporation. The Jataka texts mention 18 types of Shrenis. However, the longest list of Shrenis is found in the Milinda Panha*. In the Arthashastra, a strict government control over Shreni organizations is advocated. Members were bound by guild-specific dharma. The Manusmriti stated "A king must inquire into the law of groups (jāti), of districts (ganapada), of guilds (shreni), and of families (kula)." The distribution of work was not only organized in terms of the professions living in the town but also in terms of the physical occupation by different professions of different parts of the town. Each sreni had its own professional code, working arrangements, duties and obligations and even religious observances. Matters relating to wider areas of dispute were sometimes settled by srenis among themselves. Key Aspects of Shrenis Functions: They acted as banks/custodians of endowments, maintained quality control, and established ethical trade practices (shreni-dharma). Organization: They were organized democratically, often with a headman, and were sometimes recognized by the state, with members having specialized skills like ivory carving. Significance: Shrenis held great wealth, sponsored infrastructure (e.g., Sanchi stupa gateway), and provided a, structured, and, stable economic environment. Well-documented references to the existing of shreni have been found from 5th century BC, and texts mention the existence of shrenis and conversion of entire members of some shrenis to Buddhism or Jainism. Over a period of time, some shrenis became very wealthy with surplus resources, and acted as custodians and bankers of religious and other endowments. One of the widely referred shreni was of ivory carvers of Vidisha (in the modern Indian state of Madhya Pradesh). This shreni is accredited with sponsoring and financially supporting the construction of the southern gateway of the stupa at Sanchi, which is currently a World Heritage Site.