ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF KIDNEY-RENAL SYSTEM скачать в хорошем качестве

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF KIDNEY-RENAL SYSTEM

Hey guys, The kidneys are retroperitoneal organs located on either side of the spine, essential for maintaining homeostasis and regulating bodily fluids Key roles: filtration of blood, waste elimination, blood pressure regulation, and hormone production What color are the kidneys? Your kidneys are reddish-brown. How big is a kidney? Each kidney is about 4 or 5 inches long, around the size of a fist. How much do my kidneys weigh? The weight of your kidneys varies. For men and people assigned male at birth, your right kidney may range from 1/5 to about 1/2 lbs. (79 grams to 223 grams). Your left kidney may range from a little less than 1/5 to a little more than 1/2 lbs. (74 grams to 235 grams). Your kidneys may weigh between the weight of one tennis ball and four tennis balls. For women and people assigned female at birth, your right kidney may range from a little more than 1/10 to 3/5 lbs. (55 grams to 274 grams). Your left kidney may range from 3/20 to a little less than 3/5 lbs. (67 grams to 261 grams). Your kidneys may weigh between the weight of one tennis ball or five tennis balls. Renal cortex: The outer layer of the kidney that contains renal corpuscles and convoluted tubules  Renal medulla: The inner part of the kidney that contains collecting ducts and loops of Henle  Renal pelvis: A funnel-shaped structure in the center of the kidney that collects urine and funnels it into the ureter  Nephrons: The functional units of the kidney that filter blood to produce urine  Renal capsule: A thin, fibrous capsule that covers the kidney  Renal fascia: A layer of connective tissue that surrounds the kidney and adrenal gland  Perirenal fat: A layer of fat that surrounds the renal capsule  Pararenal fat: A layer of fat that surrounds the renal fascia  Filtration: Blood plasma filtered in the glomerulus. Reabsorption: Water, glucose, and ions reabsorbed in PCT and Loop of Henle. Secretion: Unneeded substances added to filtrate in DCT. Excretion: Final urine flows to the bladder. Each of your kidneys is made up of about a million filtering units called nephrons. Each nephron includes a filter, called the glomerulus, and a tubule. The nephrons work through a two-step process: the glomerulus filters your blood, and the tubule returns needed substances to your blood and removes wastes. Each nephron has glomerulus to filter blood and tubular to return needed substances back to blood The glomerulus filtration As blood flows into each nephron, it enters a cluster of tiny blood vessels—the glomerulus. The thin walls of the glomerulus allow smaller molecules, wastes, and fluid—mostly water—to pass into the tubule. Larger molecules, such as proteins and blood cells, stay in the blood vessel The tubule returns needed substances to your blood and removes wastes A blood vessel runs alongside the tubule. As the filtered fluid moves along the tubule, the blood vessel reabsorbs almost all of the water, along with minerals and nutrients your body needs. The tubule helps remove excess acid from the blood. The remaining fluid and wastes in the tubule become urine In kidney function, vasoconstriction and vasodilation primarily affect the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by controlling the blood flow to the glomerulus through the afferent and efferent arterioles; essentially, vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole decreases GFR, while vasodilation of the afferent arteriole or vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole increases GFR; this process is crucial for maintaining proper urine formation and regulating blood pressure by adjusting the amount of fluid filtered from the blood into the nephron.  Your kidneys have many important functions. They clean toxins and waste out of your blood. Common waste products include nitrogen waste (urea), muscle waste (creatinine) and acids. They help your body remove these substances. Your kidneys filter about half a cup of blood every minute. In the process: Blood flows into your kidneys through a large blood vessel called the renal artery. Afferent arterioles deliver blood to the glomerulus, and efferent arterioles carry blood away from the glomerulus. Afferent arterioles are sub-branches of the renal artery, and efferent arterioles converge as sub-branches of the renal vein. Tiny blood vessels in your kidney filter the blood. The filtered blood returns to your bloodstream through a large blood vessel called the renal vein. Pee travels through tubes of muscle called ureters to your bladder. Your bladder stores pee until you release it through urination (peeing).