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How Russian oil sanctions turned India into an oil refining giant

India is now the number one supplier of refined fuels to Europe. In 2018, Indian exports to Europe barely registered at all in global trade tables. But Indian refineries snapped up huge markets during pandemic lockdowns, dramatically increasing their buys of crude and similarly upsizing their own refinery capacity. But it was India's clever moves following European sanctions on Russian crude oil that turned the country into a refining superpower, passing Saudi Arabia as Europe's leading supplier. Russia's shipborne deliveries of crude to India skyrocketed, while India's refinery expansions drove down their own processing costs. Today, India is fully supplied with energy in its domestic markets, despite its reliance on imports to meet 88% of its demand. What's more, India today exports tens of billions of dollars worth of refined fuels to Europe, Australia, Singapore, and even to the United States and Saudi Arabia. Resources and links: Worldometers, India Oil https://www.worldometers.info/oil/ind... EIA, Outlook on global refining to 2028 https://www.eia.gov/analysis/globalre... Reuters, Fuels from Russian oil gets backdoor entry into Europe via India https://www.reuters.com/business/ener... Navigating Sanctions: Laundered Russian Oil Finds Its Way Back to Europe from India https://csd.eu/publications/publicati... New Indian Express, Europe becomes top spot for India’s exports of petroleum products https://www.newindianexpress.com/busi...   Russian oil finds way to Europe; India now biggest exporter of fuel to EU https://www.business-standard.com/eco... Reuters, India plans to keep buying cheap Russian oil, oil minister says https://www.reuters.com/world/india/i... Reuters, India's Russian oil imports rise 11.7% in Sept from Aug, data shows https://www.reuters.com/business/ener... 253788% —that’s no typo, it’s how much India’s petroleum exports to Europe have risen since 2018 https://theprint.in/economy/253788-th... BRICS Accelerates Push to Challenge Dollar With BRICS Pay https://prioritygold.com/brics-accele... BRICS Expands to 54.6% of World Population by Adding Nigeria, Africa’s Most Populous Country https://just-international.org/articl... Closing scene, Getu Arch and Karst Formations, Guizhou