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The genetic legacy of Neanderthals in modern human populations has sparked widespread interest in evolutionary biology and anthropology. This legacy is most visible in non-African populations, which have approximately 2% Neanderthal DNA as a result of tens of thousands of years of interbreeding between Homo sapiens and Neanderthals. When Homo sapiens began migrating into Europe and Asia around 70,000 years ago, they encountered and interbred with Neanderthals, who had been present in Eurasia for hundreds of thousands of years. The gene flow resulting from this contact left permanent genetic markers in the genomes of modern non-African populations. These introgressed genes influenced a wide range of traits, including phenotypic characteristics. Researchers are particularly interested in the potential role of Neanderthal genes in European phenotypic traits, specifically skin color, eye color, and hair color. Interbreeding between Neanderthals and early modern humans produced genetic diversity, which influenced phenotypic characteristics including skin, eye, and hair color in modern European populations. While the precise contributions are still being determined by ongoing genetic research, it is clear that Neanderthal gene flow influenced some of these characteristics. The legacy of these ancient encounters serves as a stark reminder of human evolution's complex history of adaptation to changing environments. CHAPTERS: 0:00 GOYET CAVE DNA AND NEANDERTHALS 5:00 EARLY MODERN HUMANS IN WESTERN EUROPE 10:00 PHENOTYPE DISCUSSSION SOURCES: Palaeogenomics of Upper Palaeolithic to Neolithic European hunter-gatherers https://www.nature.com/articles/s4158... The genetic history of Ice Age Europe https://www.nature.com/articles/natur... Join this channel to get access to perks: / @highlycompelling