Toxicology (Part 03) Carcinogen and Carcinogenicity | Definition of Carcinogenicity and Carcinogen скачать в хорошем качестве

Toxicology (Part 03) Carcinogen and Carcinogenicity | Definition of Carcinogenicity and Carcinogen

Download "Solution Pharmacy" Mobile App to Get All Uploaded Notes, Model Question Papers, Answer Papers, Online Test and other GPAT Materials - https://play.google.com/store/apps/de... Participate in the FREE online test for this lecture - https://forms.gle/qL1NLtWAFsdaWRYg9 A carcinogen is defined as something that can directly cause cancer. This can be a chemical substance, a virus, or even the medications and radiation we use to treat cancer. While many cancers are caused by a carcinogen or combination of carcinogens, the tendency (genetic predisposition) to develop cancer may also be inherited as part of our genome. Carcinogens are classified according to their mode of action as genotoxic or nongenotoxic carcinogens. Genotoxic carcinogens initiate carcinogenesis by direct interaction with DNA, resulting in DNA damage or chromosomal aberrations that can be detected by genotoxicity tests (OECD, 2006). Nongenotoxic carcinogens are agents that do not directly interact with DNA and are believed to enhance tumour development by affecting gene expression, signal transduction, and/or cell proliferation. In animal studies, most potent mutagens are also found to be carcinogenic. Carcinogens may work in a few ways: (1) A carcinogen may directly damage the DNA in cells (cause mutations), which in turn leads to a disruption in the normal process of growth and cell division of cells. (2) The carcinogen may instead cause damage and inflammation which results in the cells dividing more rapidly. When cells divide there is always a chance that a change will occur (a mutation) which in turn increases the chance of developing cancer. Types of carcinogens include- (1) Chemicals/substances: Certain chemicals used the home or workplace may be carcinogenic. For example, asbestos in insulation can lead to lung cancer and mesothelioma. Many people have a sense that if a chemical could cause cancer it would not be allowed in our homes. That's not the case. (2) Environmental radiation: Ultraviolet radiation from the sun is a well-known cause of skin cancer. Radon emitted from the normal decay of uranium in the soil and then trapped in homes is the second leading cause of lung cancer (3) Medical radiation: Both radiation used medically for diagnostic tests and that used to treat cancer are considered carcinogens. For example, women who receive radiation therapy after a mastectomy for breast cancer are at an increased risk of developing lung cancer due to the carcinogenicity of radiation (4) Viruses: Viruses such as human papillomaviruses which cause oral cancer and cervical cancer, and hepatitis C, which can cause liver cancer are considered carcinogens. Check out the other viruses which are thought to cause cancer. (5) Some medications: Some chemotherapy drugs and hormonal therapy can raise the risk of cancer. For example, some of the chemotherapy drugs (such as Cytoxan) used to treat women with early-stage breast cancer may sometimes lead to leukaemia. Oral contraceptive use may increase the risk of breast cancer in young women. (6) Lifestyle factors: Smoking and obesity are both carcinogens in that they can be responsible for the mutations which result in cancer. (7) Pollution: Both outdoor and indoor air may contain pollutants that are carcinogenic. Get in touch with the solution by just clicking following links- Facebook Group-   / solutionpharamcy   Facebook Page-   / pharmavideo   New channel (Pharmacy Dictionary) -    / @pharmacydictionary   Instagram-   / solutionpharmacy   E-Mail for official and other work - [email protected] LinkedIn-   / pushpendrakpatel   #solutionpharmacy #Pharmacologyclass #GPATonlinetest