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The "Number System" is a fundamental topic in the Mathematics section of various Railway Recruitment Board (RRB) exams, including NTPC, Group D, ALP, and Technician. It forms the base for many other quantitative aptitude topics.
Here's a detailed description of the Number System topics typically covered in the Railway syllabus:
I. Basics of Numbers:
Classification of Numbers:
Natural Numbers (N): Counting numbers starting from 1 (1, 2, 3, ...).
Whole Numbers (W): Natural numbers including zero (0, 1, 2, 3, ...).
Integers (Z): All whole numbers and their negatives (..., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...).
Rational Numbers (Q): Numbers that can be expressed in the form p/q, where p and q are integers and q
eq 0. Examples: 1/2, 3/4, 7, 0.25 (terminating decimals), 0.333... (repeating decimals). All perfect squares are rational numbers.
Irrational Numbers (I): Real numbers that cannot be expressed as a simple fraction p/q. They have non-terminating and non-repeating decimal expansions. Examples: \sqrt{2}, \pi.
Real Numbers (R): The set of all rational and irrational numbers.
Even Numbers: Integers divisible by 2 (..., -4, -2, 0, 2, 4, ...).
Odd Numbers: Integers not divisible by 2 (..., -3, -1, 1, 3, ...).
Prime Numbers: Natural numbers greater than 1 that have only two factors: 1 and themselves. Examples: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, ....
The only even prime number is 2.
1 is neither prime nor composite.
Composite Numbers: Natural numbers greater than 1 that are not prime (i.e., they have more than two factors). Examples: 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, ....
Co-prime Numbers (or Relatively Prime Numbers): Two numbers are co-prime if their Highest Common Factor (HCF) is 1. Example: (18, 35).
Twin Prime Numbers: Two prime numbers that differ by 2. Examples: (3, 5), (5, 7), (11, 13).
Perfect Numbers: A positive integer that is equal to the sum of its proper positive divisors (excluding the number itself). Examples: 6 (1+2+3=6), 28 (1+2+4+7+14=28).
II. Key Concepts and Operations:
Face Value and Place Value: Understanding the value of a digit based on its position in a number.
Divisibility Rules: Rules for determining if a number is divisible by another number without performing actual division (e.g., divisibility by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12).
BODMAS/PEMDAS Rule: Order of operations for simplifying expressions (Brackets, Orders/Exponents, Division, Multiplication, Addition, Subtraction).
Least Common Multiple (LCM) and Highest Common Factor (HCF):
Methods to find LCM and HCF (prime factorization, division method).
Relationship between LCM and HCF of two numbers: Product of two numbers = HCF \times LCM.
Word problems based on LCM and HCF.
Decimals and Fractions:
Conversion between decimals and fractions.
Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of decimals and fractions.
Terminating and non-terminating decimals.
Recurring decimals (converting them to fractions).
Simplification: Solving complex numerical expressions using BODMAS and other arithmetic rules.
Surds and Indices: Basic operations and rules involving roots and powers.
Remainder Theorem: Finding the remainder when a number is divided by another number, often involving powers or large numbers.
Unit Digit: Finding the unit digit of large powers or complex expressions.
III. Common Problem Types:
Finding the largest/smallest numbers divisible by a set of numbers.
Problems involving remainders.
Problems on consecutive numbers.
Arranging numbers in ascending/descending order.
Identifying properties of numbers (prime, composite, rational, irrational, etc.).
Word problems that require the application of LCM, HCF, or divisibility rules.
The questions on the Number System in Railway exams generally aim to test a candidate's fundamental understanding of numbers, their properties, and basic arithmetic operations. They often involve a combination of these concepts in a single problem.
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