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Acoelomate Bilateral Animals

TO USE OR PRINT this presentation click : http://videosliders.com/r/1451 ============================================================== Acoelomate Bilateral Animals Chapter 14 ,Bilateria Most animals have bilateral symmetry. The vast majority of animal species belong to the clade Bilateria, which consists of animals with bilateral symmetry and triploblastic development. ,Bilateral Symmetry Radially symmetrical animals have the world coming at them from all directions. They can catch prey coming from any direction. Animals that begin to move about actively seeking food need a different body organization. Distinct head end with sensory structures. Cephalization ,Bilateral Symmetry Animals with bilateral symmetry have a distinct head end and can be divided into right and left halves. ,Acoelomate Bilateral Animals Animals that have no space between their gut and body wall are said to be acoelomate. These animals are also triploblastic – they have three embryonic germ layers. Organ-system level of organization – more division of labor among their organs. ,Acoelomates Although flatworms undergo triploblastic development, they are acoelomates. ,Acoelomates These acoelomate phyla are protostomes and have spiral cleavage. Most have determinate cleavage. These are the simplest animals with an excretory system. Acoelomate phyla belong to the superphylum Lophotrochozoa ,Phylum Acoelomorpha Group contains ~350 species. Members were formerly in Class Turbellaria within phylum Platyhelminthes Small flat worms less than 5 mm in length. Typically live in marine sediments; few are pelagic. Some species live in brackish water. Most symbiotic but some parasitic. Have a cellular ciliated epidermis. Parenchyma layer contains small amount of ECM and circular, longitudinal, and diagonal muscles. ,Phylum Acoelomorpha - Digestion and Nutrition Incomplete digestive system - no anus. In many acoels, the gut and pharynx are absent. Phagocytotic cells digest food intracellularly when food is passed into temporary spaces. ,Phylum Acoelomorpha - Reproduction Monoecious Female produces yolk-filled, endolecithal eggs. Following fertilization some or all cleavage events produce a duet-spiral pattern of new cells. May be a defining character for acoelomorphs. ,Phylum Platyhelminthes Members of phylum Platyhelminthes live in marine, freshwater, and damp terrestrial habitats. ,Phylum Platyhelminthes Flatworms are flattened dorsoventrally and have a gastrovascular cavity. Extracellular digestion. Undigested food is egested through the pharynx. ,Phylum Platyhelminthes The osmoregulatory system consists of protonephridia (excretory or osmoregulatory organs closed at the inner end) with flame cells. Most metabolic wastes removed by diffusion across the body wall. ,Phylum Platyhelminthes The nervous system consists of a ladder-like network of nerves and a bilobed brain. Many have large ocelli – light sensing organs. ,Phylum Platyhelminthes Many can reproduce asexually as well as sexually. Asexual reproduction via fission. Sometimes the new individuals remain attached – chains of zooids. Monoecious ,Taxonomy Flatworms (phylum Platyhelminthes) are divided into four classes: Class Turbellaria – ex. Planaria Not monophyletic Class Trematoda – parasitic flukes Class Monogenea – parasitic monogenetic flukes Class Cestoda - tapeworms ,Class Turbellaria Turbellarians are nearly all free-living and mostly marine. ,Class Turbellaria The best-known turbellarians, commonly called planarians, have light-sensitive eyespots and centralized nerve nets. ,Class Trematoda Trematodes live as parasites in or on other animals. They parasitize a wide range of hosts. ,Class Trematoda Subclass Digenea, digenetic flukes, have a complex life cycle with a mollusc (snail) as the first host and a vertebrate as the final, or definitive, host. ,Class Monogenea All monogeneans are parasites. Often found in the gills or external surfaces of fishes. ,Class Cestoda Tapeworms (Class Cestoda) are also parasitic and lack a digestive system. The scolex is equipped with suckers and hooks for a