Cell Signalling Pathways Biology | Introduction скачать в хорошем качестве

Cell Signalling Pathways Biology | Introduction

Cells communicate to coordinate physiological processes. They detect stimuli and respond through various signalling mechanisms. This ability, known as cell signalling, involves releasing hormones and molecules that form a communication network throughout the body. 🌐 ▬ 📃 Cell Signalling Pathways Biology ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ Like a computer, cells receive input signals, process them, and produce output signals. In this video, we explore: 🟡 Signals and Signalling Molecules 🟡 Steps of Signal Transduction 🟡 Intracellular Signalling Pathways and Types of Receptors ▬ 📜 Types of Cell Signals and Molecules ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ There are four basic categories of chemical signalling in multicellular organisms: 🟠 Paracrine Signalling: Nearby cells communicate via chemical messengers (ligands) that diffuse through the space between them. 🟠 Autocrine Signalling: Cells produce and secrete mediators that bind to receptors on the same cell, initiating signal transduction. 🟠 Endocrine Signalling: Specialized cells produce signals released into the bloodstream, carrying them to distant target cells. 🟠 Signalling by Direct Contact: Also known as juxtacrine signalling, cells interact directly via special proteins through gap junctions. ▬ 📃 Types of Ligands ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ 🔵 Hydrophobic Ligands 🔵 Hydrophilic Ligands 🔵 Nitric Oxide Watch the video to learn more about these ligands in detail. 🎥 ▬ 📜 Stages of Signalling and Second Messengers ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ The steps of signal transduction include: 🟢 Reception: A ligand binds with a specific receptor, indicating that a signal is received by the cell. 🟢 Transduction: The chemical signal is relayed from one messenger to another, bringing about a cellular response. 🟢 Response: The cellular response ranges from opening ion channels to gene expression for various physiological outcomes. ▬ 📃 Second Messengers ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ Small, non-protein molecules passing along a signal initiated by ligand binding. Examples include: 🔴 Calcium Ions (Ca2+): In pancreatic β cells, they lead to insulin release, while in skeletal muscle cells, they cause contraction. 🔴 Cyclic AMP (cAMP): Involved in several energy generation processes. 🔴 Inositol Phosphates: Bind to ligand-gated calcium channels, releasing Ca2+ to continue the signal cascade. ▬ 📜 Chemical Messengers' Action on Receptors ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ The interaction of ligands with receptors is the beginning of the cell signalling pathway. For effective communication, cells use diverse receptor-mediated pathways: 👉 Intracellular Receptors: Respond to small hydrophobic ligands that can cross the plasma membrane. 👉 Cell Surface Receptors: Integral proteins that bind to ligands on the cell surface. Three types are discussed in detail in the video: 📍Ligand-gated ion channels 📍G protein-coupled receptors 📍Receptor tyrosine kinases Explore more in our physiology-related medical videos here! 🌟 ▬ 🎬 5500+ sqadia.com Medical Videos ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ 👩🏻‍⚕️ Accessible Medical Student Education 24/7/365 💡 Simplifying Medical Learning 💪 Study Hard, Dream Big, Achieve More #CellSignalling #Biology #CellCommunication #SignalTransduction #Physiology #Science