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The Secret Behind the 100% Lunar Landing Success Rate of the Chang’e Missions

https://studio.youtube.com/video/oR7v... Chang'e 6 Probe Successfully Touches Down: Will Collect 2 Kilograms of Samples https://studio.youtube.com/video/LO1a... Chang'e-6 Probe Mission Itinerary https://studio.youtube.com/video/H2Kw... Chang'e 6 Moon Probe Mission-World's 1st journey to the South Pole-Aitken Basin on the Moon far side The Secret Behind the 100% Lunar Landing Success Rate of the Chang’e Missions Chang uh-6 achieved a perfect lunar landing and successfully sampled and returned to lunar orbit. This is not only China’s fourth successful lunar soft-landing mission but also China’s fifth successful extraterrestrial landing mission. Previously, China's Tianwen-1 successfully landed on Mars. Therefore, China has achieved a 100% success rate in lunar and extraterrestrial landings. The accomplishments of Chinese engineers are remarkable. The Crucial 15 Minutes The last 15 minutes of the lunar landing are called the "The Crucial 15 Minutes" because this brief period is one of the most perilous phases of the entire mission. Many probes have failed at this stage, such as India’s Chandrayaan-2 probe, Japan's "Hakuto-R" probe, and Russia's Luna-25 probe. Other probes, like Japan’s SLIM lunar lander, although successfully landing, encountered some issues. The factors that make landing in the South Pole-Aitken Basin on the Moon’s far side particularly challenging. The far side of the Moon has complex terrain. It always faces away from Earth and, compared to the near side, features rugged terrain with numerous impact craters and relatively fewer flat and dark lunar maria, making it resemble other barren places in the solar system. The South Pole-Aitken Basin is one of the largest impact craters in the solar system. It has a low elevation with elevation differences up to tens of thousands of meters or feet, and the available landing area is quite narrow. The landing processes of Chang uh-6 The landing processes of Chang uh-6 was divided into the main deceleration phase, rapid adjustment phase, and obstacle-avoidance landing phase. The obstacle-avoidance landing phase further included the approach phase, hovering and obstacle-avoidance phase, descent phase, and landing phase. 7500N Variable Thrust Engine The descent power of the Chang uh missions landers is provided by a 7500 newton (1686 pound-force) variable thrust engine. This is a variable thrust engine capable of adjusting thrust in the range of 1500 newton to 7500 newton (about 337 to 1686 pound-force). Accurate Real-Time Distance and Velocity Measurement Guidance and navigation are core aspects of a soft-landing mission. The spacecraft needs to measure its distance from the lunar surface and its descent speed accurately. Any errors in these measurements could lead to catastrophic consequences. Hovering and Obstacle Avoidance with World-Leading Laser 3D Imaging Sensor The laser 3D imaging sensor can emit multiple laser beams at a high frequency towards the lunar surface from an altitude of 100 meters (about 328 feet), completing an instantaneous scan of a 2500 square meters (about 26,910 square feet) landing area within 0.25 seconds. Each image contains over 200,000 laser points, with a ranging accuracy of 5 centimeters (about 2 inches). During the hovering process at an altitude of 100 meters, the lander has only three opportunities to make a decision. The laser 3D imaging sensor on Chang uh-6 can complete imaging, data processing, and safe landing point selection within 3.33 seconds. In other words, the Chang uh-6 lander requires only 10 seconds of hovering time. Hovering consumes a significant amount of propellant, so the computational speed of the laser 3D imaging sensor is crucial for reducing the probe's weight. The Innovative Autonomous Obstacle Detection and Avoidance Landing Scheme The impressive autonomous obstacle avoidance landing scheme was created and invented by Chinese engineers. It includes initial obstacle avoidance and precise obstacle avoidance based on the concept of machine vision, realized through the collaboration of the laser 3D imaging sensor and other equipment. This technology was first applied to Chang uh-3 and has seen significant improvements by the time of Chang uh-6. Research indicates that unmanned landers before Chang uh-3 lacked autonomous obstacle avoidance capability in the final stages. This technology ended the era of blind lunar landings for unmanned probes. Without autonomous obstacle avoidance capability, landing on the Moon is somewhat like aiming for a preselected landing area without precise guidance, making success uncertain and reliant on probabilities.