Guillain Barré Syndrome (GBS) скачать в хорошем качестве

Guillain Barré Syndrome (GBS)

#guillainbarresyndrome #autoimmunedisease #physicaltherapy Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) Guillain-Barré (pronounced ghee-YAN bah-RAY) syndrome is a rare but serious autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own peripheral nervous system—the network of nerves located outside of the brain and spinal cord. This attack damages the myelin sheath, which is the protective covering of the nerves. When myelin is damaged, the nerves cannot send signals effectively to the brain, leading to muscle weakness, numbness, and, in severe cases, paralysis. Key Characteristics Rapid Onset: Symptoms can progress quickly over hours, days, or weeks. Ascending Paralysis: The weakness typically starts in the feet and legs and spreads upwards to the arms and upper body. Potentially Life-Threatening: If the paralysis reaches the diaphragm and chest muscles, breathing can be affected, requiring mechanical ventilation. This is a medical emergency. Symptoms The signs and symptoms of GBS can vary but often begin with: Tingling, "pins and needles," or numbness (paresthesia), usually starting in the toes and feet. Progressive muscle weakness in the legs that spreads to the upper body. Unsteady walking or an inability to walk or climb stairs. As the condition progresses, symptoms may include: Difficulty with facial movements, including speaking, chewing, or swallowing. Double vision or inability to move the eyes. Severe nerve pain, which can be sharp, aching, or cramp-like. Problems with bladder control or bowel function. Rapid heart rate, low or high blood pressure (autonomic nervous system dysfunction). Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath. This is the most serious symptom and requires immediate medical attention. What Causes It? The exact cause of GBS is unknown. It is not contagious or inherited. GBS often develops a few days or weeks after a respiratory or gastrointestinal infection. The immune system, while fighting off the initial illness, becomes confused and starts attacking the body's own nerves. Common triggers include: Campylobacter jejuni infection: A common cause of food poisoning from undercooked poultry. This is the most frequent trigger. Influenza virus (the flu) Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) Zika virus COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) In very rare instances, it has been linked to surgery or vaccinations. Types of GBS While the classic form is most common, there are several variations: Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP): The most common form in North America and Europe. The primary damage is to the myelin sheath. Miller Fisher Syndrome (MFS): A rarer variant where paralysis starts in the eyes. It is characterized by the triad of poor coordination (ataxia), loss of reflexes (areflexia), and paralysis of the eye muscles (ophthalmoplegia). Acute Motor Axonal Neuropathy (AMAN) and Acute Motor-Sensory Axonal Neuropathy (AMSAN): These forms are more common in Asia and South/Central America. They attack the nerve axon itself rather than the myelin, often leading to a more severe and rapid onset. Diagnosis Diagnosing GBS involves a combination of methods, often by ruling out other conditions with similar symptoms (like a stroke or meningitis). Physical and Neurological Exam: Doctors check for muscle weakness, sensation, and especially, diminished or absent deep tendon reflexes (e.g., in the knee). Lumbar Puncture (Spinal Tap): A sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is taken from the lower back. In GBS, the fluid characteristically shows high levels of protein but a normal white blood cell count. This is known as "albuminocytologic dissociation." Nerve Conduction Studies (NCS) and Electromyography (EMG): These tests measure the electrical activity in nerves and muscles. In GBS, the speed of nerve signals is often slowed down due to myelin damage.