German occupation of Greece : the "Great Famine" of Athens winter of 1941-1942 300.000 deaths скачать в хорошем качестве

German occupation of Greece : the "Great Famine" of Athens winter of 1941-1942 300.000 deaths

Under occupation, Greece was divided into three occupation zones. The Italians took control the bulk of the main landmass of the country thus giving them control of the entire Adratic Sea and Ionian Sea region, while the Bulgarians took control of the northeastern corner in order to gain ports on the coast of the Aegean Sea. The Germans took strategically important locations such as western Crete, the Athens-Piraeus region, and the Thessaloniki region. Chronic shortage of food and other basic supplies caused extreme hardship to Greek civilians during the occupation. As early as the winter of 1941 to 1942, a great many Athenians (estimates ran as high as 300,000) died from starvation and mal-nourishment (the "Great Famine"); the situation would be alleviated somewhat in summer 1942 when the International Red Cross was able to bring in supplies. Armed resistance by the Greeks began early in the occupation; though locally effective, some of the resistance groups saw as much fighting against each others as against the occupation administration. Axis deaths and damages attributed to partisan attacks often led to deadly reprisals. On 16 Aug 1943, for example, the 317 inhabitants of the village of Kommeno were rounded up and executed for the suspicion of partisan support. In another instance, between 14 and 16 Sep 1943, about 500 civilians were killed in the Viannos-Ierapetra region on Crete by troops of German Army 22nd Air Landing Division. Bulgaria, which annexed its share of occupied Greece officially within its borders, was particularly brutal when provoked, as its ultimate goal was to resettle Thrace and Macedonia with its own population. For example, a uprising which began in Macedonia 28 Sep 1941 was quickly put down by Bulgarian Army troops, after killing 3,000 resistance fighters; in the subsequent weeks about 15,000 additional Greeks, said to have aided the uprising, were rounded up and executed. In all, it was estimated that about 70,000 civilians were killed by the Germans, Bulgarians, and the Italians during the occupation. In 1943, when the Italians signed an armistice with the Allies, German troops quickly marched into the Italian occupation zone and took control, fighting the Italians on many occasions. Of the 300,000 to 400,000 civilian casualties of war, 60,000 of whom were Jews. Anti-Jewish measures began early in the occupation, but it was not until Mar 1943 that the Bulgarians and Germans conducted large scale deportations, many of whom would end up in Auschwitz and Treblinka in occupied Poland, and many would never return. The Germans ruled its portion of occupied Greece through the façade of a puppet government under the nominal leadership of Georgios Tsolakoglou, Konstantinos Logothetopoulos, then Ioannis Rallis as prime ministers. The several thousand Greek troops which had fled Crete to British-controlled Egypt formed the Royal Hellenic Army in the Middle East. After training in British Palestine, Greek troops participated in the Second Battle of El Alamein in Egypt, and later the Battle of Rimini in Italy. Greek Navy vessels that avoided destruction during the German invasion joined the British Royal Navy; many of them would serve as convoy escorts across the globe during the war. Most of the few air force personnel who escaped Greece would join the Allied Desert Air Force. When Soviet troops neared, German troops began withdrawing northward in 1944 to avoid being trapped at the southern end of the Balkan Peninsula. Seeing a strong communist force already forming in Greece and fearing its possible post-war success, British troops landed in Athens in Oct 1944. Small pockets of German resistance, generally on the islands in the Aegean Sea, would not cease until the final days of the European War in 1945. After the war, Greece gained the Dodecanese Islands from Italy. Between 1946 and 1949, Greece fell under a state of civil war, which many viewed as the escalation of the in-fighting that began during the Axis occupation between royalist and communist resistance fighter groups. With the United Kingdom and United States backing the royalists and the communist governments of Albania, Yugoslavia, and Bulgaria backing the communists, the Greek Civil War was among the first acts of the Cold War in Europe.