20 things about Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (1743–1794) скачать в хорошем качестве

20 things about Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (1743–1794)

Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (1743–1794) was a French chemist widely regarded as the "Father of Modern Chemistry." Here are 20 things about Antoine Lavoisier: 1. Birth and Early Life: Antoine Lavoisier was born on August 26, 1743, in Paris, France, into a wealthy family. 2. Education: Lavoisier studied law but developed a keen interest in science, particularly chemistry, which he pursued with passion. 3. Chemical Nomenclature: Lavoisier is credited with establishing a systematic chemical nomenclature and identifying and naming oxygen and hydrogen. 4. Marriage and Collaborator: Lavoisier married Marie-Anne Pierrette Paulze in 1771, who became his dedicated collaborator and contributed significantly to his scientific work. 5. Conservation of Mass: Lavoisier formulated the law of conservation of mass, stating that in a chemical reaction, matter is neither created nor destroyed. 6. Combustion and Respiration: Lavoisier conducted experiments on combustion and respiration, demonstrating the role of oxygen and dispelling the earlier phlogiston theory. 7. Elementary Treatise on Chemistry: In 1789, Lavoisier published his influential work "Traité Élémentaire de Chimie" ("Elementary Treatise on Chemistry"), which laid the foundation for modern chemistry. 8. Chemical Revolution: Lavoisier's work contributed to the Chemical Revolution, a transformative period in the understanding of chemical processes. 9. Role in French Academy of Sciences: Lavoisier played a prominent role in the French Academy of Sciences, serving as its secretary and contributing to various scientific endeavors. 10. Tax Reforms: Lavoisier was involved in tax reforms in France and played a role in the creation of the French metric system. 11. Discovery of the Role of Oxygen in Combustion: Lavoisier's experiments demonstrated that oxygen is essential for combustion, challenging the prevailing views of the time. 12. Identification of Elements: Lavoisier identified and named several chemical elements, including oxygen, hydrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus. 13. Chemical Symbols: Lavoisier introduced a system of chemical symbols to represent elements, which laid the foundation for the modern chemical notation. 14. Work on Gunpowder: Lavoisier conducted extensive studies on gunpowder, investigating its composition and properties. 15. Invention of the Ice Calorimeter: Lavoisier developed an ice calorimeter to measure heat changes during chemical reactions, a significant advancement in calorimetry. 16. Dismissal and Execution: Lavoisier's association with tax administration and his involvement with the Ferme Générale led to his arrest during the French Revolution. He was executed by guillotine on May 8, 1794. 17. Legacy: Lavoisier's work laid the groundwork for modern chemistry, and his contributions are recognized in various scientific terms, including "Lavoisier's Law" and the "Lavoisier Group." 18. Meteorological Studies: Lavoisier also conducted studies on meteorology, particularly the composition of the atmosphere. 19. Lavoisier Medal: The Lavoisier Medal is awarded by the French Chemical Society in recognition of outstanding achievements in the field of chemistry. 20. Recognition Posthumously: Lavoisier's contributions were fully recognized after his death, and he is now celebrated as one of the pioneers of modern chemistry.