Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists | Wikipedia audio article скачать в хорошем качестве

Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organiz... 00:03:11 1 History 00:03:20 1.1 Background and creation 00:05:43 1.2 Pre-war activities 00:09:31 1.3 Split in the OUN 00:13:45 1.4 During World War II 00:13:54 1.4.1 Early years of the war and activities in Central and Eastern Ukraine 00:18:21 1.4.2 OUN-B's struggle for dominance in western Ukraine 00:22:15 1.4.3 OUN-B's struggle against Germany, Soviet Union and Poland 00:23:15 1.5 After the Second World War 00:26:34 2 Organization 00:28:04 3 Ideology 00:30:04 3.1 Integral nationalism 00:31:58 3.2 Myth and nationalism of the deed 00:33:07 3.3 Authoritarianism 00:35:47 3.4 Treatment of non-Ukrainians 00:36:53 3.5 OUN and antisemitism 00:44:11 4 Symbols 00:46:01 5 Leaders 00:46:18 5.1 OUN (Melnyk) 00:46:47 5.2 OUN (Bandera) 00:47:26 5.3 OUN (abroad) 00:47:58 6 See also 00:48:20 7 Notes Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago. Learning by listening is a great way to: increases imagination and understanding improves your listening skills improves your own spoken accent learn while on the move reduce eye strain Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone. Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio: https://assistant.google.com/services... Other Wikipedia audio articles at: https://www.youtube.com/results?searc... Upload your own Wikipedia articles through: https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts "There is only one good, knowledge, and one evil, ignorance." Socrates SUMMARY ======= The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) (Ukrainian: Організація Українських Націоналістів, (ОУН), Orhanizatsiya Ukrayins'kykh Natsionalistiv) was a Ukrainian nationalist political organization established in 1929 in Vienna; it first operated in Eastern Galicia (at the time part of interwar Poland). The OUN emerged as a union between the Ukrainian Military Organization, smaller radical right-wing groups, and right-wing Ukrainian nationalists and intellectuals represented by Dmytro Dontsov, Yevhen Konovalets, Mykola Stsyborsky and other figures.The OUN sought to infiltrate legal political parties, universities and other political structures and institutions. As revolutionary ultra-nationalists the OUN have been characterized by most historians as fascist. OUN strategies to achieve Ukrainian independence included violence and terrorism against perceived foreign and domestic enemies, particularly Poland, Czechoslovakia and Russia.In 1940 the OUN split into two parts. The older, more moderate members supported Andriy Melnyk and the OUN-M, while the younger and more radical members supported Stepan Bandera's OUN-B. After the start of the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 (Operation Barbarossa), the OUN-B in the person of Yaroslav Stetsko declared an independent Ukrainian state on 30 June 1941 in occupied Lviv, while the region was under the control of Nazi Germany. In response, the Nazi authorities suppressed the OUN leadership. In October 1942 the OUN-B established the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA). To pre-empt future Polish efforts at re-establishing Poland's pre-war borders, in 1943-1944 UPA military units carried out large-scale ethnic cleansing against Polish people. Historians estimate that 100,000 Polish civilians were massacred in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia.After World War II the UPA fought against Soviet and Polish government forces. During Operation Vistula in 1947, the Polish government deported 140,000 Ukrainian civilians in Poland to remove the support base for the UPA. In the struggle Soviet forces killed, arrested, or deported over 500,000 Ukrainian civilians. Many of those targeted by the Soviets included UPA members, their families, and supporters.During the Cold War western intelligence agencies, including the CIA, covertly supported the OUN.A number of contemporary far-right Ukrainian political organizations claim to be inheritors of the OUN's political traditions, including Svoboda, the Ukrainian National Assembly and the Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists. The role of the OUN remains contested in historiography, as these later political inheritors developed a literature denying the organization's fascist political heritage and collaboration with Nazi Germany, while also celebrating the Waffen-SS Galizien. On the other hand, some scholars argue that political opponents emphasized the far-right or extreme-right aspects of modern OUN descendants for el ...