Grammar: Have to скачать в хорошем качестве

Grammar: Have to

آموزش گرامر به زبان فارسی، سطح intermediate, درس سی و یک، فعل مودال Have to Modals, Have to: فعل have to از لحاظ مفهوم و معنا هم معنی با معنای اول must میباشد و برای بیان اجبار و الزام از آن استفاده میشود. قوانین قبلی modal verbs که شامل حال have to نیز میشود به قرار زیر است: • بعد از آن حتما باید از یک فعل اصلی استفاده شود. • فعلی که بعد از have to به کار میرود باید حتما به صورت ریشه به کار رود. • چنانچه فعل جمله که بعد از have to به کار میرود فعل to be باشد، باید آن را به صورت ریشه (be) به کار ببریم. به چند مثال زیر توجه کنید: I have to get up early tomorrow. We all have to go to work to make money. They have to be on time for their meeting. You have to register for the class by July 20th. I have to buy a new uniform this year. They have to pay for the ordered stuff in advance. اما بعضی از قوانینی که برای سایر modal verbs در نظر گرفته میشود در مورد have to اعمال نمیشود. از جمله: • فعل have to را میتوان برای زمان های مختلف به کار برد. • به جز could که در حالت گذشته به جای can استفاده میشود، have to تنها modal verb ی است که در زمان های مختلف میتواند صرف شود. • ضمنا تنها modal verb ی است که در حالت زمان حال ساده برای فاعل های سوم شخص مفرد به شکل has صرف میشود. و مثل افعال بی قاعده برای زمان گذشته و در حالت past participle تغییر شکل (had) پیدا میکند. • استثنای دیگری که در مورد have to وجود دارد که فقط منحصر به خودش میباشد این است که برای منفی کردن و سوالی کردن نیز باید از یک auxiliary خارجی (با توجه به زمان) استفاده کنیم. از لحاظ معنایی have to اجبار را به فعل القا میکند. به چند مثال دیگر توجه کنید: I had to hand in the essay by Monday. We are going to have to decorate the room. She has to go to bed before 9:00 p.m. He will have to be there before everyone else. You have to give the money back. My mother has to be careful about what she eats. Negative forms of the sentences above: I didn’t have to hand in the essay by Monday. We aren’t going to have to decorate the room. She doesn’t have to go to bed before 9:00 p.m. He won’t have to be there before everyone else. You don’t have to give the money back. My mother doesn’t have to be careful about what she eats. Question forms of the sentences above: Did I have to hand in the essay by Monday? Yes, you did. Are we going to have to decorate the room? Yes, we are. Does she have to go to bed before 9:00 p.m.? No, she doesn’t. Will he have to be there before everyone else? Yes, he will. Do you have to give the money back? Yes, I do. Does my mother have to be careful about what she eats? No, she doesn’t. What do we have to prepare for the picnic? Where does she have to go? How many books do they have to buy? Where will I have to put them? Who is he going to have to call to make an appointment? تفاوتی که از لحاظ معنایی بین must و have to وجود دارد این است که must را معمولا برای بیان قانون هایی که از طرف حکومت ها و سازمان های مختلف وضع میشود استفاده میکنیم ولی have to را اکثرا برای بیان اجبارهای شخصی به کار میبریم. You must fasten your seat belt when you drive. We must get the visa first. I have to go to bed early tonight. She has to avoid sugar. نکته: هر چند که در جملات مثبت have to و must معنی نسبتا مشابهی دارند، در جملات منفی کاملا متفاوت هستند. استفاده از must not یک الزام منفی را نشان میدهد ولی ساختار have to در حالت منفی عدم اجبار را نشان میدهد. You must not smoke in here. We must not park there. You don’t have to wear a uniform to go to English class. She doesn’t have to answer to your questions.