Plant transformation methods скачать в хорошем качестве

Plant transformation methods

Plant transformation methods refer to the techniques used to introduce foreign DNA into the genome of a plant cell, resulting in a genetically modified plant. There are several methods used for plant transformation, each with its advantages and limitations. Some common plant transformation methods include: Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation: This is one of the most widely used methods. Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a soil bacterium, naturally transfers a portion of its DNA (T-DNA) into plant cells, causing the formation of crown gall tumors. Researchers have harnessed this ability by replacing the tumor-causing genes with desired genes, allowing for the transfer of specific DNA sequences into plant cells. Biolistic (Particle Bombardment) Transformation: In this method, DNA-coated particles (often gold or tungsten) are shot into plant cells using a gene gun or biolistic device. The high-speed particles penetrate the plant cell wall and nuclear membrane, delivering DNA into the nucleus. This technique is useful for species that are difficult to transform with Agrobacterium, like monocots. Protoplast Transformation: Protoplasts are plant cells with their cell walls removed. DNA can be introduced into protoplasts through techniques such as electroporation (using electric pulses to create transient pores in the cell membrane), polyethylene glycol (PEG) treatment (enhancing DNA uptake), or microinjection. Once transformed, protoplasts can be regenerated into whole plants. Electroporation: This method involves the use of electric pulses to create temporary pores in the plant cell membrane, allowing foreign DNA to enter. Electroporation is often used in conjunction with protoplast transformation or with tissue culture systems. Virus-Mediated Transformation: Some plant viruses have been engineered to carry foreign DNA. When these viruses infect plant cells, they deliver the foreign DNA along with their viral genome. The foreign DNA can then integrate into the plant genome, leading to the expression of desired traits. Gene Editing (CRISPR/Cas9): Although not traditionally considered a transformation method, gene editing techniques like CRISPR/Cas9 have revolutionized plant breeding. CRISPR/Cas9 can be used to make precise modifications to the plant genome without introducing foreign DNA. It has applications in creating knockout mutants, introducing point mutations, or activating/deactivating specific genes.