Aneurysm, Causes, Signs and Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment скачать в хорошем качестве

Aneurysm, Causes, Signs and Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

. Chapters 0:00 Introduction 0:41 causes of Aneurysm 1:33 symptoms of Aneurysm 2:11 diagnosis of Aneurysm 2:37 treatment of Aneurysm An aneurysm is an outward bulging, likened to a bubble or balloon, caused by a localized, abnormal, weak spot on a blood vessel wall.[1] Aneurysms may be a result of a hereditary condition or an acquired disease. Aneurysms can also be a nidus (starting point) for clot formation (thrombosis) and embolization. The word is from Greek: ἀνεύρυσμα, aneurysma, "dilation", from ἀνευρύνειν, aneurynein, "to dilate". As an aneurysm increases in size, the risk of rupture, which leads to uncontrolled bleeding, increases.[2] Although they may occur in any blood vessel, particularly lethal examples include aneurysms of the Circle of Willis in the brain, aortic aneurysms affecting the thoracic aorta, and abdominal aortic aneurysms. Aneurysms can arise in the heart itself following a heart attack, including both ventricular and atrial septal aneurysms. There are congenital atrial septal aneurysms, a rare heart defect. True and false aneurysms A true aneurysm is one that involves all three layers of the wall of an artery (intima, media and adventitia). True aneurysms include atherosclerotic, syphilitic, and congenital aneurysms, as well as ventricular aneurysms that follow transmural myocardial infarctions (aneurysms that involve all layers of the attenuated wall of the heart are also considered true aneurysms).[3] A false aneurysm, or pseudoaneurysm, is a collection of blood leaking completely out of an artery or vein but confined next to the vessel by the surrounding tissue. This blood-filled cavity will eventually either thrombose (clot) enough to seal the leak or rupture out of the surrounding tissue.[3]: 357  Pseudoaneurysms can be caused by trauma that punctures the artery, such as knife and bullet wounds,[4] as a result of percutaneous surgical procedures such as coronary angiography or arterial grafting,[5] or use of an artery for injection.[6] Morphology Cross-section of an arterial aneurysm, showing most of the area consisting of organized mural thrombus (tan-brown area) Aneurysms can also be classified by their macroscopic shapes and sizes and are described as either saccular or fusiform. The shape of an aneurysm is not specific for a specific disease.[3]: 357  The size of the base or neck is useful in determining the chance of for example endovascular coiling.[7] Saccular aneurysms, or "berry" aneurysms, are spherical in shape and involve only a portion of the vessel wall; they usually range from 5 to 20 cm (2.0 to 7.9 in) in diameter, and are often filled, either partially or fully, by a thrombus.[3]: 357 Saccular aneurysms have a "neck” that connects the aneurysm to its main ("parent") artery, a larger, rounded area, called the dome.[citation needed] Fusiform aneurysms ("spindle-shaped" aneurysms) are variable in both their diameter and length; their diameters can extend up to 20 cm (7.9 in). They often involve large portions of the ascending and transverse aortic arch, the abdominal aorta, or, less frequently, the iliac arteries.[3]: 357  Location Aneurysms can also be classified by their location: Ultrasonography of an aneurysm of the great saphenous vein due to venous valve insufficiency. Arterial and venous, with arterial being more common.[8] The heart, including coronary artery aneurysms, ventricular aneurysms, aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva, and aneurysms following cardiac surgery. The aorta, namely aortic aneurysms including thoracic aortic aneurysms and abdominal aortic aneurysms.[9] The brain, including cerebral aneurysms, berry aneurysms, and Charcot–Bouchard aneurysms. The legs, including the popliteal arteries.[10] The kidney, including renal artery aneurysm and intraparechymal aneurysms.[11] Capillaries, specifically capillary aneurysms. The Large vessels such as external and internal jugular veins[12] Cerebral aneurysms, also known as intracranial or brain aneurysms, occur most commonly in the anterior cerebral artery, which is part of the circle of Willis. This can cause severe strokes leading to death. The next most common sites of cerebral aneurysm occurrence are in the internal carotid artery.[13]