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To listen to more of Jacek Kuroń’s stories, go to the playlist: • Jacek Kuroń (Social activist) Polish activist Jacek Kuroń (1934-2004) helped to transform the political landscape of Poland. He was expelled from the communist party, arrested and incarcerated. He was also instrumental in setting up Workers' Defence Committee (KOR) and became a Minister of Labour and Social Policy. [Listeners: Jacek Petrycki, Marcel Łoziński; date recorded: 1987] TRANSCRIPT: And so, the Party seemed to have emerged triumphant from the events of October, meaning the Party apparatus with its leader, Gomułka, at its head but it was a Pyrrhic victory in the sense that they lost their ideology. Their victory was based on an agreement with the nation, because we are the ones who trust Gomułka, and we don't want to experience the same thing as happened in Budapest and so we don't want to go through another Warsaw Uprising. So Gomułka will show us the places where we can live comfortable lives, enjoy personal freedom, and we'll be content with that for as long as that evil Soviet Union exists. And that finished off everything. This of course is why it wasn't a failure for society but it was an immediate failure for the left wing which wanted a different kind of socialism and not an abandonment of socialism in favour of a 'small stabilisation'. At the same time, it was a failure for everyone because this apparatus sensed that it lacked the ideology that had formerly created a bond. The apparatus of the corps of supporters reached the nation. And I think they were above all searching for an ideology which would have welded that totalitarianism together under these new conditions. What worked best here was nationalism, militarism, and this was the ideology of the partisans. A veteran's ideology which harked back to an alleged national unity in it's fight with the occupying force, to the par played by AL and AK which together fought against the occupying force and would now be building the country together following military precision. We'd need to, all kinds of problems arose out of the discussions that took place then but we won't go into that. So that was the ideological plan, and as every kind of nationalism needs its enemy, and the Soviet Union couldn't play this role for obvious reasons, and since this enemy needs to be external although it's quite good if he's internal, too, then the Jew was perfectly suited to this role. To add momentum, they started propagating plebean slogans, anti-intellectual which were convenient because the intelligentsia were the carriers of the rot in regard to them and was a serious enemy of this kind of ideology while at the same time, it was opposed to the rich in the name of the workers and of peasants; these plebean elements also possessed the dynamism of this revolution. This also tied in very well with the battle for power in a section of the apparatus. Namely, once Stalinism was ended, once the decapitation of the apparatus was over, the chances of promotion also came to an end. Power was in the hands of those who had come carrying Soviet baggage, as the partisans said, whereas those who were from under the pear tree, who were from Moczar - but that's not important, above all, the ZMP apparatus. There were crowds of them and they had the feeling that they had made the biggest sacrifice of all, and they had in them a rage and the sense that they were owed something. And that's precisely it, this ideology suited them very well because using these slogans, they were able to dispose of the old for being anti-Polish and against the nation. In addition, Jews - whether someone is a Jew is determined by me, as was said by some Nazi dignitary - represented this ideology perfectly. They could nominate these Jews themselves and the whole matter was taken care of. This was an offensive launched by the partisans among whom the leading ideologue was Załuski - I'm not going into whether he wanted to be their ideologue, or would he have rather... I think he was interested by the first theme and he was thinking in a military fashion, honestly, patriotically because he was a patriot communist and a soldier.