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46. 中国佛教最著名的四大译经家 The Four Buddhist Translators in the history of Chinese Buddhism

Chang’an and the Translation of Chinese Buddhist Scriptures 大家好 今天我们讲长安与中国佛教经典翻译 Hello everyone, today we are going to talk about Chang’an and the Translation of Chinese Buddhist Scriptures. 长安是中国佛教经典翻译的中心 Chang’an was the center of translating Chinese Buddhist Scriptures. 在佛教传入中国的漫长的岁月中 In the long history of Buddhism in China, 佛教著名的经典都是在长安翻译的 All the famous Buddhist Scriptures were translated here. 在通常并称为佛教四大翻译家的 Among the Four Buddhist Translators, namely 鸠摩罗什、真谛、玄奘、不空这四个人的里面 Kumārajīva, Paramārtha, Mahāyānadeva and Amoghavajra, 有三位是都在长安翻译佛经的 three conducted their translation in Chang’an. 佛教的四大译场 全部都设立在长安 Besides, all the four Translating Forums of Buddhist Scriptures were set up in Chang’an. 在长安的译场中 出现了严密的分工合作 A strict division of labor was established in course of translating in the forums. 在译经实践中 大师们总结出了佛经的翻译理论 The Masters also summed up theories of Scriptures translation in the practice of translating. 佛经的翻译 为隋唐佛教诸宗的创立 The translation of Scriptures provides a solid theoretical basis 提供了坚实的理论依据 for the establishment of many Buddhist schools in Sui and Tang Dynasties. 四大译经家 The Four Buddhist Translators 中国古代200位佛经翻译家中的杰出代表 The outstanding representatives among 200 Buddhist Scriptures translators in ancient China 是中国佛教史上称作四大译经家的 are honored as the Four Buddhist Translators in the history of Chinese Buddhism. 鸠摩罗什 真谛 玄奘和不空 They are Kumārajīva, Paramārtha, Mahāyānadeva and Amoghavajra. 鸠摩罗什在长安草堂寺翻译佛经 Kumārajīva translated Scriptures in Caotang Temple of Chang’an. 罗什译经的原则是以 His principle of translating can be summarized as 曲从方言 而趣不乖本（《法华经传记》卷二） use dialects so that the Han can understand, but it cannot go against the original meaning of Scriptures. (Biography of Lotus Sutra Volume 2) 作为原则 也就是说 As principle, it means that 既要照顾到方言 让汉地的人能够理解 The translation should not only use dialects for better understanding of the Han, 又不能够违背佛经的原义 but also cannot go against the original meaning of Scripture. 因此 他的译经在准确地理解原义的基础上 Therefore, on the basis of an accurate understanding of the original meaning, 以意译为主 译文就显得非常的流畅生动 he used paraphrase as the main translation method, which renders fluent and vivid texts. 罗什一生共翻译出了佛经 35 部 294 卷 In his whole life, Kumārajīva translated 35 Scriptures with 294 volumes, 他翻译的经论在中国最为流行 which are the most famous translation versions in China. 《法华经》《维摩诘经》《金刚经》等 His translation, scuh as Lotus Sutra, Vimalakirti Sutra a, Diamond Sutra, etc., 都是佛教界里面最为通行的本子 are all the most popular books in Buddhism. 他还把 3 部著名的印度大乘佛学论著 Three famous works about Mahayana Buddhism in India, 《中论》、《百论》、《十二门论》 Mulamadhyamakakarika, Sata-sastra and Dvadashamukha Shastra, 翻译了过来 are also translated by him, 成为隋唐年间吉藏法师创立三论宗的根本的理论经典 which have become the basic theoretical Scriptures of the East Asian Mādhyamaka founded by Masher Jizang in Sui and Tang Dynasties. 玄奘大师他主要是在长安的大慈恩寺等地方来翻译佛经 Master Mahāyānadeva mainly translated Scriptures in Daci’en Temple in Chang’an. 玄奘大师共译出佛典75部 1355卷 译有《大般若经》、《心经》《解深密经》《瑜伽师地论》《成唯实论》等等 He translated 75 Scriptures with 1355 volumes, including Mahāpraj āpāramitā-sūtra, Heart Sutra, Sandhi nirmocana sūtra, Yogācāra-bhūmi-śāstra, Vijñptimtratsiddhi, etc. 不空大师的主要功绩是翻译了密宗经咒140余种 Master Amoghavajra’s main achievement is that he has translated more than 140 kinds of Tantra mantra. 在唐代还有很多著名的佛经翻译大师 There are also lots of famous translators of Buddhist Scriptures in Tang Dynasty, 像义净 实叉难陀 菩提流志 般若等等 such as Yijing, Śikṣānanda, Bodhiruci, Prajna, etc. 义净有时候也被用来取代不空 Sometimes Amoghavajra is replaced by Yijing 被称为四大佛经翻译家之一 to be honored as one of the Four Buddhist Translators, 义净主要是在荐福寺也就是小雁塔来翻译佛经 who mainly translated Scriptures in Jianfu Temple, also known as the Small Wild Goose Pagoda. 历时有十二年 It took him 12 years 译出了56部佛经 共有230卷 他译的佛经主要是以律部典籍居多 to translate 56 Scriptures with 230 volumes in total, which are mainly about vinayapiṭaka. 实叉难陀重译了80卷《华严经》和《大乘起信论》 Sikshananda retranslated 80 volumes of Avatamsaka Sutra and Mahāyāna śraddhotpada śāstra. 菩提流志翻译了120卷的《大宝积经》 Bodhiruci translated 120 volumes of Mahā ratna kūṭa sūtra. 般若翻译了《新译华严经》40卷 Master Prajna translated 40 volumes of New Translation of Avatamsaka Sutra.