Chapter 1 The World since 1991 Class 12 Political science Maharashtra Board std 12th new Syllabus скачать в хорошем качестве

Chapter 1 The World since 1991 Class 12 Political science Maharashtra Board std 12th new Syllabus

Join this channel to get access to perks:    / @billioneducation   #billioneducation #be #politicalscience #maharashtraboard #newsyllabus #chapter1 #theworldsince1991 #polscience #arts #12tharts #12thscience #12thcommerce #std12 #class12 #ajay #billion_education #be #political_science #maharashtra_board #new_syllabus #chapter_1 #the_world_since_1991 #pol_science #arts #12th_arts #12th_science #12th_commerce #std_12 #class_12 The fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989 and the eventual disintegration of the Soviet Union ended the cold war era. It also ended the East- West division of the world that was based on the rivalry of the United States and its allies and the Soviet Union and its allies. The developments in the post-cold war period can be analyzed through five major dimensions: (i) End of Cold War and rise of new states : The end of Cold War led to the end of an international order dominated by the two superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union. It also saw the emergence of new states after the disintegration of the Soviet Union. (ii) Emergence of Unipolarity : The Cold War between United States and the Soviet Union came to end signaling the end of bipolarity. This led to the emergence of a unipolar world order dominated by the United States. (iii) Human Rights and Humanitarian intervention : There was an increasing awareness about human rights and also a rise in intervention for humanitarian purposes. (iv) Terrorism : The nature of terrorism changed after the 11 September 2001 attacks (also known as 9/11 attacks) against the United States. (v) Multipolarity and Regionalism : This phase primarily saw the rise of China and India, the growing importance of the Indo-Pacific region and also the rise of Russia under Vladimir Putin. These developments and the growth of regionalism brought in multipolarity in the world order. Regions and regional organisations started to become more important. End of Cold War and Rise of New States We can see two important trends in international relations since the East European revolution of 1989. The first is the assertion of the concept of ethnic nationalism based on right to self-determination and the second is the end of bipolarity. Bipolarity existed because of the existence of the two superpowers, United States and the Soviet Union. The world was divided into two centers of power. The disintegration of the Soviet Union ended one of the centers of power. Therefore, the disintegration of the Soviet Union meant the end of bipolarity in the world. The revolution of the East European states was a revolution of growing aspirations of the middle class. They desired more freedom and economic well-being. They rose against the communist governments that were controlled by the Soviet Union and emerged as free democratic states. Even within the Soviet Union the movement for more political and economic freedom led to the various states demanding more autonomy and eventually independence. Meanwhile, the ethnic identity of the various people of the region became stronger. This led to the demand for the creation of independent states based on ethnic identity. Here are some examples of this trend: • In Europe the pattern of creation of new states can be seen as follows: - Czechoslovakia split into two states, Czech Republic and Slav Republic. - Yugoslavia split into Croatia, Slovenia, Serbia, Bosnia Herzegovina, North Macedonia and Montenegro. • In case of the former Soviet Union the new states were as follows: - Armenia, Moldova, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Belarus, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Russia. • The trend of creation of new states on the basis of ethnic nationalism based right to self-determination was also seen in other parts of the world. Some of the new countries that emerged as independent states were: - East Timor (independent from Indonesia), - Eretria (independent from Ethiopia), - South Sudan (independent from Sudan). • This trend of demand for independence on the basis of ethnic nationalism is also seen in the following cases: - Catalonia (wants independence from Spain) - Kosovo (wants independence from Serbia. Its independence has been recognised by some countries of Europe) - Chechnya (wants independence from Russia)