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📖 Surah Al-Mumtahanah (سورة الممتحنة) – "The Woman to be Examined" Basic Information: Feature Detail Surah Number 60 Verses (Ayat) 13 Revealed in Madinah (Madani Surah) Meaning of Name "The Woman to be Examined" Main Themes Loyalty to Allah, allegiance, tests of faith, treatment of non-Muslims --- 🕰️ Historical Background: Surah Al-Mumtahanah was revealed during a time when Muslims were living under tense relations with the Quraysh of Makkah, especially before the conquest of Makkah. Treaties were in place (such as the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah), and Muslims were being tested — particularly with issues involving alliances, emigration, and marriage. One of the key incidents tied to this Surah was when a companion, Hatib ibn Abi Balta‘ah, secretly sent a letter to the Quraysh warning them of the Prophet's ﷺ plans. Although he was forgiven, the situation prompted divine clarification about loyalty in times of conflict. --- 🧭 Main Themes and Topics: 1. Loyalty to Allah Over Personal Ties (Verses 1–3) Muslims are warned not to take enemies of Allah and Islam as allies, even if they are family. True believers prioritize faith over blood relations. Reference to Hatib’s incident as a lesson. 2. Hope for Future Reconciliation (Verse 7) Encouragement that enmity may turn into friendship with Allah’s will. Islam does not promote permanent hatred; peace is always a goal when possible. 3. Just Treatment of Non-Hostile Non-Muslims (Verses 8–9) Muslims are commanded to act justly and kindly with those who don’t fight them or drive them out. Clarifies who Muslims can maintain peaceful relations with. 4. Test and Status of Emigrant Women (Verses 10–12) Female converts/emigrants (Muhajirat) from Makkah to Madinah were to be tested for sincerity. If sincere, they were not to be returned to the disbelievers, even if married. Lists conditions of allegiance (bay‘ah) for women (e.g. no shirk, theft, zina, killing children, etc.). Protection of their marital rights and dignity. 5. Prohibition of Friendship with Allah’s Enemies (Verse 13) Reaffirms not to ally with those who oppose Allah and His Messenger ﷺ, even if they are close relatives. Ends with an example from Prophet Ibrahim عليه السلام as a role model of disassociation from disbelief. 🧠 Key Lessons: 1. Iman (faith) must be stronger than tribalism, nationalism, or familial ties. 2. Muslims must be just and fair, even to non-Muslims who are peaceful. l 3. Women have a respected position in Islam and their conversion/emigration is to be honored and verified. 4. Islam balances between principled loyalty and compassionate treatment of others. 5. Prophet Ibrahim’s stance is a model of unwavering devotion and submission to Allah. 🔑 Key Words: Mumtahanah (الممتحنة): Refers to the testing of believing women (verse 10). Bay‘ah (بَيْعَة): Pledge of allegiance. Wala’ (الولاء): Loyalty/allegiance. Bara’ (البراء): Disavowal/separation. --- 📚 Related Topics: Treaty of Hudaybiyyah Concept of Wala’ and Bara’ in Islamic belief Hijrah (migration) of women Interfaith relations in Islam