Challenges in London (London Case Study Part 3/4) | AQA GCSE 9-1 Geography скачать в хорошем качестве

Challenges in London (London Case Study Part 3/4) | AQA GCSE 9-1 Geography

Case study of challenges in London Watch the other parts of the case study here: » Introduction:    • Introducing London (London Case Study Part...   » Opportunities:    • Opportunities in London (London Case Study...   » Redevelopment:    • London Olympic Park Regeneration (London C...   This is the fifty-ninth video for the AQA GCSE 9-1 Geography course, and the ninth video of the Urban Issues & Challenges topic. The Urban Issues & Challenges Playlist: »    • Urban Issues & Challenges | AQA GCSE 9-1 G...   Follow me on all platforms: » https://linktr.ee/keducate Do you have a video suggestion? » https://forms.gle/gxc3xHQ1b1wUeANT9 Video Script: Urban decline & deprivation Urban deprivation describes the degree to which a person or a community lacks the things needed to have a good quality of life; for example job opportunities. London is a very unequal city - home to billionaires whilst over 2 million of its residents live in poverty. The poorest people in the city struggle to afford the high costs of many necessities in London, particularly housing, worsening their quality of life. Many areas also suffer from urban decline, which is the deterioration of parts of the city. This is often due to a lack of investment or maintenance and is demonstrated clearly with deindustrialisation, which can create a cycle of urban decline. Deindustrialisation causes businesses to shut down or relocate, leaving industrial buildings empty and forcing many people out of their jobs. This has several effects. People become stressed which lowers their aspirations. This results in a less skilled workforce, which lowers investor confidence in the area. These people also have less money to spend. Higher skilled workers will leave the area in search of better jobs. This leaves their homes abandoned and causes a decline in population. As there are fewer and poorer people, shops receive less income which can force them to close too. This also lowers investor confidence in the area. And on top of this, both homes and industrial buildings are left abandoned, often resulting in lots of vandalism and fly tipping which worsens the reputation of an area, again lowering investor confidence. The loss of investor confidence in the area starts the cycle again, causing more deindustrialisation. Inequalities in housing, education, health and employment As mentioned, London has major inequalities across the city. London has the most expensive housing in the country with an average price of £523,666 in March 2022, compared to £279,524 nationally. The Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea is home to some of the most expensive houses in the world, with many properties going for millions of pounds. This is a stark contrast to poorer areas of London, in Newham the majority of people live in small, rented accommodation, typically poor quality flats. School performance is unequal across the city with the poorest areas receiving lower GCSE grades and students in Kensington and Chelsea are 4x more likely to go to university. Health is also better in the wealthier areas of the city - life expectancy in Kensington and Chelsea is 84.18 for males and 87.86 for females compared to just 78.97 for males and 83.1 for females in Newham. There are large disparities in employment - earnings vary across the city and the unemployment rate in Kensington and Chelsea is just 3.9% compared to 9.4% in Newham. Urban sprawl London’s population continues to grow by around 100,000 people every year, meaning there is a large demand for new houses to be built. This causes the city to grow outwards into the rural-urban fringe, which is the area at the edges of the city. This growth is known as urban sprawl and causes problems such as increased traffic, pollution and loss of greenbelt land. There are restrictions on building on greenbelt land which pushes many people to move to villages and towns just outside of the city and commute into work - these are known as commuter settlements. This similarly increases traffic in these areas and also causes house prices to rise significantly. Brownfield and greenfield sites An alternative approach to building outwards from the city is looking at areas inside that can be redeveloped. There are two types of sites that can be built on. Greenfield sites have not been previously developed and essentially act as a blank canvas to build from. Brownfield sites are previously occupied sites that have fallen out of use, for example old industrial buildings that now lay derelict. Greenfield sites have many positives for building: planning is easier and there are no clean-up costs, however this of course comes at a cost: the rural landscape is lost which can anger local residents and is harmful to local wildlife Brownfield sites are more sustainable and help to prevent urban sprawl, and these sites are often closer to attractions within the city such as shops or places of employment. However, cleanup costs are greater and these areas... -- GCSE Geography 25/02/2024 Keducate