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White Dwarfs and Degenerate Gases

Join this channel to get access to perks:    / @jasonkendallastronomer   White Dwarfs are fascinating end states of Solar-mass (or slightly bigger) stars. Sirius "b" is among the closest known and we know many things about these oddball planet-sized stars from the Dog Star's dog. This is part of my complete intro Astronomy class that I taught at Willam Paterson University and CUNY Hunter. (Note from 04/25/19) This video features my attempt to get at what a white dwarf is and how we know what they are. I'm not 100% satisfied with it, and I'm in the process of redoing it. White Dwarfs: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_d... Sirius: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirius Proper Motion of Sirius: http://www.astro.rug.nl/~weygaert/Inl... Gravitational redshift: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravita... The gravitational redshift of Sirius B: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1809.01240.pdf New Hubble Observations of the Sirius System: https://www.drewexmachina.com/2017/04... https://www.britannica.com/science/St... Stefan-Boltzmann Law http://www.physics.smu.edu/scalise/P5... White Dwarfs, Neutron Stars, and Degeneracy https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virial_... Virial Theorem https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf_nova Dwarf nova https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova Nova https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GK_Persei GK Persei https://phys.org/news/2016-11-stellar... Study confirms that stellar novae are the main source of lithium in the universe http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/images... Accretion Disk Around Binary Star System WZ Sge https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta... Planetary nebulae http://flash.uchicago.edu/site/gallery/ White Dwarf supernova simulation images This is part of an entire online introductory college course. This video series was used at William Paterson University and CUNY Hunter in online classes as well as to supplement course material. Notes and links are present in the videos at the start of each lecture. In this lecture series, I talk about the end states of stars. The amazing white dwarfs and neutron stars. White Dwarfs are fascinating end states of Solar-mass (or slightly bigger) stars. Sirius "b" is among the closest known and we know many things about these oddball planet-sized stars from the Dog Star's dog. Next, if we combine the common nature of white dwarfs and the fact that most stars are in binary (or more) systems, then we can see that as stars die, they can interact. Novae and Type 1a supernovae are the result. White dwarf stars can cause sudden outbursts called novae, and even do a special kind of supernova. Then we go to some of the most amazing objects in the universe that are still things are neutron stars. Often looked at in astronomy as the thing on the way to black holes, neutron stars are the most extreme objects in the universe composed of what we might still call normal matter. Black holes are another thing. These boundary objects have wild properties and have extreme effects on their surroundings. Forged in the instantaneous fire of a core-collapse supernova, they are awesome objects. Finally, neutron stars make themselves known by their spin. They create a huge magnetic dynamo that powers the emissions seen in X-rays and gamma-rays. The result is a pulsar or magnetar. The Crab Nebula is the classic example of these amazing objects. They can also do similar thing like we saw with novae, but with much more extreme results: the kilonovae. 0:00 Introduction 0:33 Odd stars on the H-R Diagram 2:02 True Binary Stars 2:46 The motion of the star Sirius across the sky 11:01 The Orbital Motion of Sirius B 14:11 Vital Stats for Sirius B 16:39 Sirius "B" Mass Measured 23:04 The Stellar Graveyard 24:19 Size of a White Dwarf Compared to Earth 25:13 What's a White Dwarf? 26:27 Hydrostatic Equilibrium 27:40 Ideal Gas Law 32:10 Degenerate Gas Law 33:08 The Quantum Regime 42:39 A very simple model of a gas of electrons 47:17 Degeneracy! Electron and Otherwise.... 56:31 The Central Pressure of a Star like the Sun 57:59 Massive White Dwarfs are smaller!