পেরুর বায়োস্ফিয়ার রিজার্ভ - Biosphere Reserve of Peru скачать в хорошем качестве

পেরুর বায়োস্ফিয়ার রিজার্ভ - Biosphere Reserve of Peru

Peru is one of the world’s most biodiverse countries. Stretching from the Pacific Ocean coastline to the towering Andes Mountains and the vast Amazon rainforest, the country is composed of a wide range of ecological regions. This geographical diversity supports thousands of unique species and ecosystems, many of which are protected by national parks, protected areas, and internationally recognized UNESCO-designated Biosphere Reserves. These reserves play a strategic role in conservation, scientific research, and sustainable development. This article highlights Peru’s main geographical features, reviews its biosphere reserves, and presents a detailed case study of one of South America’s most renowned protected areas—the Manu Biosphere Reserve. Main Features of Peru Peru is located in the western part of South America and has a total area of approximately 1,285,216 square kilometers. With a population of over 34 million, it is one of the continent’s largest countries in terms of both size and demographic diversity. The country’s landscape is divided into three main physical regions (Source 1): The Coastal Region (La Costa): A narrow desert plain along the Pacific Ocean. The Andean Highlands (La Sierra): Dominated by the Andes Mountains, with peaks rising above 6,000 meters. The Amazon Basin (La Selva): A humid tropical region rich in rivers, forests, and extraordinary biodiversity. This variation in altitude and climate explains Peru’s exceptional ecological diversity and has established it as one of the world’s 17 “megadiverse” countries. Biosphere Reserves of Peru Peru has six UNESCO-designated Biosphere Reserves: Huascarán Biosphere Reserve Manu Biosphere Reserve Northwest Amotapes–Manglares Biosphere Reserve Oxapampa–Asháninka–Yánesha Biosphere Reserve Gran Pajatén Biosphere Reserve Bosques de Neblina–Selva Central Biosphere Reserve These reserves extend across coastal dry forests, Andean highlands, and Amazonian ecosystems, ensuring the conservation of a wide variety of habitats. Authorities Responsible for Biosphere Reserve Management In Peru, biosphere reserves are managed by both national and regional authorities. The main national institution is SERNANP (Servicio Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas por el Estado), which oversees the country’s protected natural areas and works in coordination with local communities, research institutions, and regional governments. While UNESCO recognition provides an international conservation framework, day-to-day management remains under Peru’s own authorities. Case Study: Manu Biosphere Reserve Designated by UNESCO in 1977, the Manu Biosphere Reserve is one of the most important protected areas in the Amazon Basin. Covering more than 1.8 million hectares, it includes lowland rainforest, cloud forest, and high Andean puna ecosystems. The reserve is divided into three functional zones: Core Zone: Strictly protected area, including Manu National Park. Buffer Zone: Allows limited human activity and sustainable resource use. Transition Zone: Includes indigenous communities, research centers, and eco-tourism facilities. This zonation system follows UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere (MAB) guidelines, maintaining a balance between conservation and sustainable development. Species Found in the Manu Biosphere Reserve Manu is considered one of the most biodiverse places on Earth. Species found here include: Plant Species More than 4,300 plant species have been recorded in Manu. Its forests contain massive ceiba trees, various palm species, orchids, and many endemic species adapted to the humid conditions of cloud forests. Invertebrates The reserve is home to over 1,000 butterfly species. The diversity of beetles, ants, and other insects is also extremely high, reflecting the vertical stratification of the rainforest. Vertebrates Mammals: Around 200 species, including the jaguar (Panthera onca), giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis), and Andean spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus) (Source 3). Birds: More than 1,000 species, making Manu one of the richest bird regions in the world. Notable species include the harpy eagle and the Andean cock-of-the-rock. Amphibians and Reptiles: Over 150 species thrive in Manu’s humid environment.