Common and Uncommon Causes of Pleural Effusion скачать в хорошем качестве

Common and Uncommon Causes of Pleural Effusion

Pleural effusion—fluid accumulation in the pleural space—can result from a wide range of conditions. These causes are typically categorized as common or uncommon, and further classified as transudative or exudative based on the underlying mechanism. Common Causes Transudative Effusions (due to systemic factors like pressure or protein imbalance): Congestive heart failure – most frequent cause overall Cirrhosis (hepatic hydrothorax) Nephrotic syndrome Hypoalbuminemia Peritoneal dialysis Exudative Effusions (due to local inflammation or injury): Pneumonia (parapneumonic effusion or empyema) Malignancy (lung, breast, lymphoma) Tuberculosis Pulmonary embolism Autoimmune diseases (e.g., lupus, rheumatoid arthritis) Uncommon Causes Chylothorax – lymphatic fluid accumulation, often from trauma or lymphoma Hemothorax – blood in the pleural space, usually from trauma or ruptured vessels Esophageal rupture – leads to mediastinitis and pleural contamination Pancreatitis – pancreatic enzymes can track into the pleural space Meigs syndrome – triad of ovarian tumor, ascites, and pleural effusion Yellow nail syndrome – rare disorder with pleural effusion, lymphedema, and nail changes Urinothorax – urine leakage into the pleural space, often from obstructive uropathy Drug-induced effusions – e.g., methotrexate, nitrofurantoin Radiation or post-cardiac surgery – inflammatory or lymphatic disruption #PleuralEffusion