Hyperparathyroidism | Secondary Hyperparathyroidism скачать в хорошем качестве

Hyperparathyroidism | Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

🦷 The parathyroid glands, situated on the thyroid gland lobes, secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH), which regulates calcium levels in the body. 🤒 Any disruption in their functioning can lead to hyperparathyroidism (excessive PTH) or hypoparathyroidism (insufficient PTH). 💀 These conditions can cause complications in calcium regulation, impacting overall health. ▬ 📌 Hyperparathyroidism 🩺 Hyperparathyroidism is a medical condition in which the parathyroid glands produce too much parathyroid hormone (PTH) 😷, leading to elevated levels of calcium in the blood. 🧬 This condition can be caused by a variety of factors, including tumors, genetic disorders, and certain medications. 💊 Symptoms of hyperparathyroidism can include bone pain, fatigue, kidney stones, and cognitive difficulties. 🤕 Treatment options may include surgery, medications, or monitoring the condition through regular blood tests. 🏥 It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect you may have hyperparathyroidism, as complications can arise if the condition is left untreated. 🚨 ▬ 📌 Pathogenesis 💥 The pathogenesis of hyperparathyroidism involves the overproduction of parathyroid hormone (PTH) by one or more of the parathyroid glands. This can lead to 🦴 increased calcium resorption from the bones, reduced calcium excretion by the 🩺 kidneys, and increased absorption of calcium from the intestines, resulting in 🩸 hypercalcemia. Over time, this can lead to complications such as 🤕 bone pain, osteoporosis, and 💎 kidney stones. The underlying cause of hyperparathyroidism can vary and may involve benign or malignant tumors, kidney disease, or 🧬 genetic factors. ▬ 📌 Hyperparathyroidism – Diagnosis Hyperparathyroidism is typically diagnosed through a combination of 💉 medical history, physical examination 💪, blood tests 🩸 and imaging studies 🔍. 👉 Medical history: A healthcare provider will begin by taking a detailed 📋 medical history, including any symptoms that may suggest hyperparathyroidism, such as 🦴 bone pain, fractures, kidney stones, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and fatigue. They will also ask about any personal or family history of hyperparathyroidism or other endocrine disorders. 👉 Physical examination: A physical exam may reveal signs of hypercalcemia, such as dehydration, constipation, and muscle weakness, as well as enlargement of the parathyroid glands 💥. 👉 Blood tests: Blood tests are used to measure levels of calcium, phosphate, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and vitamin D in the blood 💉. In hyperparathyroidism, calcium and PTH levels are typically elevated, while phosphate levels are often low. 👉 Imaging studies: Imaging studies, such as ultrasound 📷, sestamibi scan, or CT scan, may be used to locate enlarged or abnormal parathyroid glands. MRI scans may also be used in certain cases 💊. ▬ 📌 Hyperparathyroidism – Treatment The treatment of hyperparathyroidism depends on the type and severity of the condition. There are three main types of hyperparathyroidism: primary, secondary, and tertiary. 👉 Primary hyperparathyroidism: Surgery 🔪 is the most common treatment for primary hyperparathyroidism. The surgeon removes the abnormal gland(s) causing the excess PTH secretion, which usually restores normal calcium and PTH levels 💥. In rare cases, medical management with bisphosphonates or calcimimetics may be used 💊. 👉 Secondary hyperparathyroidism: Treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism focuses on correcting the underlying cause, which is typically chronic kidney disease. This may include medications 💊 to control blood phosphate levels or vitamin D supplements to improve 🦴 bone health. In advanced cases, surgery 🔪 may be required. 👉 Tertiary hyperparathyroidism: The treatment of tertiary hyperparathyroidism typically involves surgical removal 🔪 of the affected parathyroid glands🧬. In some cases, a subtotal or total parathyroidectomy may be necessary to achieve adequate control of the calcium levels 💎 ▬ 🎬 5500+ sqadia.com Medical Videos ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ 👩🏻‍⚕️ Accessible Medical Student Education 24/7/365 💡 Simplifying Medical Learning 💪 Study Hard, Dream Big, Achieve More