Orth and Para directing groups | Meta directing groups | Chap#8 | Hydrocarbons | Class 12 скачать в хорошем качестве

Orth and Para directing groups | Meta directing groups | Chap#8 | Hydrocarbons | Class 12

Chapter No.8 Hydrocarbons Ortho-Para and Meta Directing Groups are crucial concepts in electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions 🌟 Directing Groups The existing substituent on the benzene ring influences the position where a new electrophile will attack. Substituents can be categorized into two main types: Ortho-Para Directors These groups direct incoming electrophiles to the ortho (1,2-) and para (1,4-) positions relative to themselves. Examples include: Activating Groups: -OH, -NH₂, -OCH₃, -CH₃ These groups typically donate electrons to the benzene ring, increasing its reactivity towards electrophiles. Meta Directors These groups direct incoming electrophiles to the meta (1,3-) position relative to themselves. Examples include: Deactivating Groups -NO₂, -CF₃, -COOH, -SO₃H These groups typically withdraw electrons from the benzene ring, decreasing its reactivity towards electrophiles. Why Ortho-Para and Meta Directing The directing effect is due to the resonance structures and the stability of the intermediate sigma complex (arenium ion). Ortho-Para directors stabilize the intermediate when the electrophile attacks at the ortho or para positions, while meta directors stabilize the intermediate when the electrophile attacks at the meta position. Significance in Synthesis Understanding the directing effects of substituents is essential for predicting the products of electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions and designing synthetic routes to specific aromatic compounds 🌟 #federalboardchemistry subscribe my YouTube channel for more vedios