🔴 All IGCSE organic chemistry in 3 min for 2025 exams скачать в хорошем качестве

🔴 All IGCSE organic chemistry in 3 min for 2025 exams

Revise for your upcoming exams live with an exam expert https://chem-bio.info/igcse-june-2025... Get the full course of IGCSE Chemistry and study by your own pace 👇 https://www.chem-bio.info/igcse-chemi... Get the latest 2024 - 2025 notes for IGCSE Chemistry 🧪 https://www.chem-bio.info/ebooks-library 📍 *Fractional Distillation* Process resulted in the formation of alkanes. *Turning Alkanes to Alkenes* Reaction Name: Cracking Requires heat and a catalyst. **Chemical Reaction**: Alkane ➡️ Alkene + Hydrogen *Turning Alkenes to Alcohols* Requires steam and phosphoric acid as a catalyst. **Chemical Reaction**: Alkene + Water ➡️ Alcohol *Combustion of Organic Groups* Only alkanes, alkenes, and alcohols burn. Alkanes and alkenes burn with a yellow flame. Alcohols burn with a blue flame. **Chemical Reaction**: Hydrocarbon + Oxygen ➡️ Carbon Dioxide + Water *Turning Alkanes and Alkenes to Halogenoalkanes* Attach a halogen like chlorine or bromine. For alkanes: Use UV light, reaction is substitution. **Chemical Reaction**: Alkane + Halogen ➡️ Halogenoalkane + Hydrogen Halide For alkenes: Use addition reaction. **Chemical Reaction**: Alkene + Halogen ➡️ Dihalogenoalkane *Turning Alkenes Back to Alkanes* Add hydrogen with a catalyst and temperature. **Chemical Reaction**: Alkene + Hydrogen ➡️ Alkane *Turning Alkenes to Polymers* Process: Addition polymerization. Requires heat and catalysts. **Chemical Reaction**: Alkenes ➡️ Polymer *Industrial Production of Alcohols* From alkanes to alcohols. Can also be made biologically with yeast. Dissolve glucose in water (aqueous glucose). Yeast acts as an enzyme catalyst. Anaerobic conditions required (seal the flask). Distillation for pure alcohol. **Chemical Reaction**: Glucose ➡️ Alcohol + Carbon Dioxide Advantages: Low temperature (35°C), renewable. Disadvantages: Impure alcohol, slow process. *Turning Alcohols into Carboxylic Acids* Reaction: Oxidation. Oxidizing Agent: Acidified potassium manganate. **Chemical Reaction**: Alcohol ➡️ Carboxylic Acid (Color change from purple to colorless) *Combining Alcohols and Carboxylic Acids to Make Esters* Requires concentrated sulfuric acid. Reaction Type: Condensation (removes water). **Chemical Reaction**: Alcohol + Carboxylic Acid ➡️ Ester + Water #igcsechemistry #pastpapers #pdf #notes #paper4 #paepr6 #exam #organicchemistry