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Who were Cathars?

The Cathars were a medieval Christian civilization that rejected the power, wealth, and authority of the Catholic Church. Living mainly in southern France, they believed the material world was corrupt and that true salvation came through spiritual purity. For a time, they built their own communities, castles, and belief system—until the Church declared them heretics and launched a brutal crusade to erase them. By the 14th century, the Cathars were gone, leaving behind ruins, unanswered questions, and one of the darkest religious persecutions in European history.