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accident and Incident Theory

Accident/Incident Theory, developed by Dan Petersen, is an extension of human factors theory that focuses on understanding the causes of accidents and incidents in the workplace. This theory introduces new elements that contribute to accidents/incidents, such as ergonomic traps, the decision to err, and systems failures. 1. Ergonomic traps: These are situations in which workstations, tools, or expectations are incompatible with the capabilities and limitations of the workers. They can arise due to management failure, such as poor design of workstations or inadequate tools provided to employees. Example: A factory worker is required to use a heavy tool that causes strain on their wrist and arm, leading to musculoskeletal disorders over time. The management's failure to provide ergonomically designed tools contributes to the risk of accidents and injuries. 2. Decision to err: This element of the theory recognizes that individuals can make conscious or unconscious decisions that increase the likelihood of errors. Factors such as fatigue, distraction, or pressure to meet deadlines can influence these decisions. Example: A truck driver, feeling fatigued after a long shift, decides to continue driving despite being aware of the risks associated with drowsy driving. This decision increases the chances of an accident occurring. 3. Systems failures: This refers to failures within the organizational systems, policies, and training that contribute to accidents and incidents. It includes management failures in establishing comprehensive safety policies, lack of clear responsibility and authority for safety, and inadequate attention to safety procedures, measurement, inspection, correction, and investigation. Example: A construction company fails to establish a comprehensive safety policy, resulting in inconsistent safety practices across different work sites. This lack of standardized safety measures increases the likelihood of accidents and incidents. Case Study: Mining Industry In the mining industry, Accident/Incident Theory can be applied to understand the causes of accidents and incidents. Let's consider an example: 1. Ergonomic traps: Miners are required to work in confined spaces with heavy equipment, increasing the risk of musculoskeletal injuries. Poorly designed workstations, inadequate tools, and improper ergonomics contribute to the occurrence of accidents. 2. Decision to err: Miners may make decisions to take shortcuts in safety procedures due to time pressure or production demands. For instance, a miner may skip a safety check before operating machinery, increasing the likelihood of equipment failures and accidents. 3. Systems failures: Ineffective safety policies, lack of clear responsibilities, and insufficient safety training can contribute to accidents. If a mining company does not prioritize safety training and neglects inspection and correction processes, workers may not be adequately prepared to handle hazardous situations, leading to incidents. is By understanding these factors, mining companies can implement measures to address ergonomic traps, promote a safety culture that discourages the decision to err, and improve systems to prevent accidents and incidents. Order of the text: 1. Introduction to Accident/Incident Theory as an extension of human factors theory, developed by Dan Petersen. 2. Explanation of new elements introduced in the theory, including ergonomic traps, the decision to err, and systems failures. 3. Listing different ways in which systems can fail, according to Petersen's theory. 4. Examples and case study from the nature of work and industry to illustrate the application of Accident/Incident Theory. 5. Conclusion emphasizing the importance of understanding and addressing these factors to prevent accidents and incidents in the workplace.