Preon | Wikipedia audio article скачать в хорошем качестве

Preon | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article: Preon 00:01:22 1 Goals of preon models 00:03:06 2 Background 00:04:13 2.1 Comparisons of quarks, leptons, and bosons 00:05:22 2.2 Unresolved problems with the Standard Model 00:06:55 2.3 Motivation for preon models 00:07:51 2.4 Attempts 00:09:47 2.5 Composite Higgs 00:10:24 3 Rishon model 00:11:47 4 Criticisms 00:11:56 4.1 The mass paradox 00:13:59 4.2 Conflicts with observed physics 00:14:40 5 In popular culture 00:15:57 6 See also 00:16:14 7 Notes 00:16:22 8 Further reading Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago. Learning by listening is a great way to: increases imagination and understanding improves your listening skills improves your own spoken accent learn while on the move reduce eye strain Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone. You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:    / @wikipediatts983   You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through: https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts "The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing." Socrates SUMMARY ======= In particle physics, preons are point particles, conceived of as subcomponents of quarks and leptons. The word was coined by Jogesh Pati and Abdus Salam in 1974. Interest in preon models peaked in the 1980s but has slowed as the Standard Model of particle physics continues to describe the physics mostly successfully, and no direct experimental evidence for lepton and quark compositeness has been found. In the hadronic sector, some effects are considered anomalies within the Standard Model. For example, the proton spin puzzle, the EMC effect, the distributions of electric charges inside the nucleons as found by Hofstadter in 1956, and the ad hoc CKM matrix elements. When the term "preon" was coined, it was primarily to explain the two families of spin-½ fermions: leptons and quarks. More-recent preon models also account for spin-1 bosons, and are still called "preons". Each of the preon models postulates a set of fewer fundamental particles than those of the Standard Model, together with the rules governing how those fundamental particles combine and interact. Based on these rules, the preon models try to explain the Standard Model, often predicting small discrepancies with this model and generating new particles and certain phenomena, which do not belong to the Standard Model.