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States, for example. Similar interventions were attempted in some other countries, but many middle-income countries and most low-income countries lacked the means to offset income shocks strongly. This lack has become a more serious problem in parts of Africa and Asia in 2021, as the pandemic intensified in countries like India where it had previously been relatively mild. The absence of income support in these countries has especially affected vulnerable groups like women, minorities and young people, no doubt generating wealth shocks. So far, there is little data on the distribution of income shocks within countries, although some aspects are evident. The pattern of shocks to labor earnings can be gauged to some extent from unemployment data. Effects have varied considerably across countries: high in North America; low in much, but not all, of Europe and Latin America; high in India; and low in China, for example. In many countries, unemployment peaked in April 2020, tripling in India to 24% and quadrupling in the United States to 14.8% compared with pre-pandemic levels. In contrast, over the same interval, unemployment rose only from 3.3% to 4.2% in Germany and from 5.3% to 6.0% in urban China. After April 2020, unemployment began to fall gradually in many countries and, by the end of 2020, it was below its spring peak in most countries. For the 27 countries of the OECD as a whole, for instance, the unemployment rate in December 2020 was 6.5% versus 5.3% a year earlier. Looking across subgroups, the differential job impact of the pandemic shows up in features common across countries. Female and young workers fared particularly poorly. For example, while the overall number of people employed in the United States fell by 13.0% between February and May 2020, the drop for workers aged less than 35 was 17.1%. Recent employment data by education level are readily available for only a few countries, but there it shows that a greater proportion of the less educated lost their jobs. In Canada, for example, between February and May 2020, employment of workers who did not graduate from high school fell 17.1%, while employment fell 14.7% for high school graduates and only 5.6% for university graduates. In the absence of emergency benefits, those losing their jobs are likely to run down their liquid assets or take on more debt, so that women, the young and the less educated would see a differential reduction in wealth. In countries with strong emergency benefits, however, this has not necessarily been the case. The reduction in consumption opportunities due to lockdowns, combined with income-support programs, led to a rise in saving for many people. As a result, household net saving rates rose in OECD countries, e.g. in the European Union from 5.8% of disposable income in 2019 to 12.57% in 2020. Globally, Moody's Analytics estimates that excess saving due to the pandemic totaled USD 5.4 trillion.