Thoracic Outlet Syndrome - Everything You Need To Know - Dr. Nabil Ebraheim скачать в хорошем качестве

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome - Everything You Need To Know - Dr. Nabil Ebraheim

Dr. Ebraheim’s educational animated video describes the condition of thoracic outlet syndrome. Thoracic outlet syndrome is a diagnosis of exclusion based on the patient history and symptoms. This can cause pain in the shoulders, neck and numbness in the fingers as the arm is moved. The most common causes: • Structures may be compressed in the thoracic outlet by the cervical rib • Anomalies of the scalenus muscles It is a neurovascular compression neuropathy of the brachial plexus in the thoracic outlet in the retroclavicular region with either a neurogenic or vascular etiology. The thoracic outlet space is created by: •Clavicle •First rib •Subclavius muscle •Costoclavicular ligament •Anterior scalene muscle This space also contains the subclavian vessels and the thoracic duct. It also contains the lower trunk of the brachial plexus (C8, T1). Two types: 1.Neurogenic 2.Vascular The neurogenic type is caused by compression of the neurovascular bundle as it passes over the first rib or through the scalene muscle. Causes of compression: •Cervical rib •Elongated vertebral transverse process (C7) •Anomalies of the scalene muscle insertions •First rib malunion •Abnormal fibrous band on or near the two scalenous muscles •Repetitive shoulder movement •Extreme arm positions •Abnormal pectoralis minor muscle •Weight lifting •Rowing •Swimming Vascular Entity: Caused by a compressed subclavian vessel or by an aneurysm. Where is the compression site? •Where the brachial plexus passes over the first rib. oUsually at site of scalene triangle oThe brachial plexus and subclavian artery pass through the triangle (subclavian vein does not pass through the triangle) •Under the clavicle by the subclavius tendon •Underneath the conjoined tendon inserting into the coracoid process Diagnosis: •Symptoms are usually vague •Pain in the shoulder and neck that usually radiates to the forearm and hand (paresthesia radiating along the arm) •Loss of sensation of the little and ring fingers •May be some vascular symptoms such as arterial ischemia, venous congestion, Raynaud’s phenomenon (changing colors of the hands or chronically reduced pulse) •Look for ulnar nerve sensory changes and intrinsic weakness •Look to see if the patient has intolerance to cold (Raynaud’s phenomenon) Differential Diagnosis: •C8 radiculopathy or ulnar nerve compression at the elbow oCombination of weakness involving the median and ulnar nerve innervated muscles may confirm a more proximal injury to the brachial plexus •Rule out double crush syndrome with carpal tunnel syndrome and thoracic outlet syndrome Compression of the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve could occur with compression of the thoracic outlet. Provocative Tests: have a high rate of false positives and are of limited clinical value if used alone. •Adson’s Test oMost commonly used test oAbduct, extend and externally rotate the arm while feeling the radial pulse oRotate the head towards the tested arm and may also extend the neck oDecreased interscalene space by tensing of the middle and anterior scalenus muscles oThis test is positive if the pulse disappears with reproduction of the symptoms oRadial pulse obstruction is not specific •Wright Test oAbduction, external rotation of the arm with the neck rotated away that will lead to the loss of pulses and reproduction of symptoms •Roos Test (Elevated Arm Stress Test” or “EAST”) oElevated arm stress test oRaise both arms up and hold this position for one minute oOpen and close the fingers for three minutes while holding them overhead oTest is positive if there is reproduction of pain and numbness of the shoulders as well as fatigue Imaging •Cervical spine may show a cervical rib •Chest x-ray may show a Pancoast tumor (apical lung tumor) that could put pressure on the brachial plexus causing ulnar nerve symptoms EMG and Nerve Studies •Results are usually not very helpful Vascular Studies •May identify a vascular form or thoracic outlet syndrome Treatment •Physical therapy oStrengthen the shoulder girdle muscles oThis is usually the first form of treatment •Maintain proper posture •Activity modification •Correction of postural imbalances is needed •Surgery oDecompression is indicated in cases of intractable pain, neurological deficit, or persistent vascular insufficiency in addition to failure of nonoperative treatment oResection of the first rib or cervical rib if present oRelease or excise the anterior and middle scalene muscles oExcision of any abnormal structures oSurgery can be done through a transaxillary or supraclavicular approach Become a friend on facebook:   / drebraheim   Follow me on twitter: https://twitter.com/#!/DrEbraheim_UTMC Donate to the University of Toledo Foundation Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Endowed Chair Fund: https://www.utfoundation.org/foundati...