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Join this channel to support the channel / @nabilebraheim Articular Cartilage: Structure, Composition, and Healing Potential Articular cartilage is an avascular and aneural tissue, meaning it does not have a blood supply or nerves. It functions as a shock-absorbing structure that protects the underlying bone. The bone is formed first and primarily contains collagen type I, while cartilage develops afterward and is composed mainly of collagen type II Composition of Articular Cartilage Articular cartilage is composed of water, collagen type II, and proteoglycans along with other minor components. Water: About 74% of the cartilage is water, which is essential for lubrication and the transport of nutrients. Collagen (Type II): About 15%, providing strength and stiffness to the cartilage. The collagen forms a meshwork that is both flexible and tough, effectively trapping proteoglycans within the cartilage structure. Proteoglycans: Approximately 10%, playing a crucial role in the cartilage's ability to retain water and resist compressive forces. Chondrocytes: About 1%, these specialized cells are responsible for synthesizing, maintaining, and regulating the extracellular matrix of cartilage. Role of Chondrocytes Chondrocytes play a crucial role in maintaining cartilage homeostasis. They regulate cartilage turnover and are essential for its longevity and function. Various molecular signals determine chondrocyte differentiation, which is critical for cartilage maintenance and repair. Proteoglycans and Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) Proteoglycans are large macromolecules that consist of a core protein with multiple glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains attached. The main GAGs in cartilage include: Chondroitin sulfate (the most prevalent GAG in cartilage) Keratan sulfate Proteoglycans form aggregates when they bind to hyaluronic acid through a link protein, creating large, water-retaining structures. Difference Between Proteoglycans and Glucosaminoglycans Proteoglycans: Large, negatively charged molecules composed of multiple glycosaminoglycan chains. Glucosaminoglycans (GAGs): Linear polysaccharides such as chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate that are part of proteoglycans. Proteoglycan Aggregates A proteoglycan monomer consists of multiple GAG chains bound to a core protein. Multiple proteoglycan monomers attach to hyaluronic acid via link proteins, forming proteoglycan aggregates. These aggregates can hold up to 50% of their weight in water, creating swelling pressure that contributes to cartilage resilience. Collagen fibers in cartilage restrain the swelling to maintain the tissue’s structural integrity. Can Cartilage Heal? Articular cartilage has limited healing potential due to its avascular nature. Unlike other tissues, it lacks a direct blood supply, meaning it does not receive the necessary nutrients and repair factors to regenerate effectively. As a result, when cartilage is injured, it has a poor capacity for self-repair. Current treatments focus on surgical interventions, biologic therapies, and regenerative medicine techniques to stimulate cartilage repair or replacement.