14. Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome ( PCOS ) : Obstetrics and Gynaecology Lecture скачать в хорошем качестве

14. Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome ( PCOS ) : Obstetrics and Gynaecology Lecture

𝐒𝐮𝐛𝐬𝐜𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐞 𝗙𝐨𝐫 𝗠𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝗜𝐧𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐧 𝗛𝐞𝐚𝐥𝐭𝐡 👩‍⚕‍ 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝗠𝐞𝐝𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐧𝐞💉🩺💊 𝐘𝐨𝐮𝐭𝐮𝐛𝐞 :    / @draishwaryakelkar   📌𝗙𝗮𝗰𝗲𝗯𝗼𝗼𝗸 :   / draishwaryakelkar   📌𝗧𝘄𝗶𝘁𝘁𝗲𝗿:   / aishwayadr   📌𝗜𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗴𝗿𝗮𝗺 :   / clinical.learning   Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome ( PCOS ) - ---------------------------------------------------------------- Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS): A common endocrine disorder affecting women of reproductive age, characterized by hormonal imbalances, irregular menstrual cycles, and the presence of multiple small cysts on the ovaries. PCOS is a leading cause of infertility and is associated with various metabolic complications. Etiology - Hormonal Imbalance: Hyperandrogenism: Elevated levels of male hormones (androgens), such as testosterone, leading to symptoms like hirsutism (excessive hair growth), acne, and alopecia (hair loss). Insulin Resistance: Insulin resistance is a key feature of PCOS, contributing to hyperinsulinemia, which exacerbates androgen production and disrupts normal ovulation. LH/FSH Imbalance: An increased ratio of luteinizing hormone (LH) to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) disrupts normal ovarian function, leading to anovulation and the formation of ovarian cysts. Clinical Features Menstrual Irregularities: Oligomenorrhea: Infrequent menstrual periods. Amenorrhea: Absence of menstrual periods. Menorrhagia: Heavy menstrual bleeding. Hyperandrogenism: Hirsutism: Excessive facial and body hair growth. Acne: Persistent acne, especially along the jawline and back. Alopecia: Thinning hair or male-pattern baldness. Ovarian Cysts: Multiple small, fluid-filled sacs on the ovaries, visible on ultrasound. These cysts result from follicles that fail to mature and release an egg. Metabolic Complications: Obesity: Many women with PCOS struggle with weight gain, particularly around the abdomen. Insulin Resistance: Can lead to type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Dyslipidemia: Abnormal cholesterol levels, including elevated LDL ("bad" cholesterol) and low HDL ("good" cholesterol). Infertility: Anovulation (lack of ovulation) is a common cause of infertility in women with PCOS. The hormonal imbalances disrupt the normal menstrual cycle, making it difficult to conceive. Diagnosis Clinical Criteria: Rotterdam Criteria: Diagnosis of PCOS requires two of the following three criteria: Oligo- or anovulation. Clinical or biochemical signs of hyperandrogenism. Polycystic ovaries on ultrasound. Laboratory Tests: Elevated androgen levels (testosterone). Abnormal LH/FSH ratio. Fasting glucose and insulin levels to assess insulin resistance. Ultrasound: Transvaginal ultrasound showing enlarged ovaries with multiple small follicles arranged in a "string of pearls" pattern. Management - Lifestyle Modifications: Diet and Exercise: Weight loss through a healthy diet and regular exercise can improve insulin sensitivity, reduce androgen levels, and restore ovulation. Behavioral Therapy: Support for emotional and psychological well-being, as PCOS can lead to anxiety, depression, and body image issues. Medications: Oral Contraceptives: Used to regulate menstrual cycles, reduce androgen levels, and control hirsutism and acne. Metformin: An insulin-sensitizing drug that helps manage insulin resistance and can promote ovulation. Anti-Androgens: Medications like spironolactone to reduce androgenic symptoms such as hirsutism. Fertility Treatments: Clomiphene citrate, letrozole, or gonadotropins may be prescribed to induce ovulation in women trying to conceive. Surgical Interventions: Ovarian Drilling: A laparoscopic procedure where small holes are made in the ovarian surface to reduce androgen production and promote ovulation. Complications Long-Term Risks: Cardiovascular Disease: Increased risk due to metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia. Type 2 Diabetes: Due to persistent insulin resistance. Endometrial Cancer: Chronic anovulation leads to unopposed estrogen exposure, increasing the risk of endometrial hyperplasia and cancer. Conclusion - Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is a multifaceted disorder that affects not only reproductive health but also metabolic and psychological well-being. Early diagnosis, lifestyle changes, and targeted medical treatments are key to managing symptoms and reducing long-term health risks. 🩺🌸 #PCOS #PolycysticOvarySyndrome #WomensHealth #ReproductiveHealth #HormonalImbalance #Infertility #InsulinResistance #ObstetricsAndGynecology #Endocrinology #MedicalEducation #FMGEPreparation #NEETPG #USMLE #MedStudent #DoctorLife #HealthAwareness #MetabolicSyndrome #PCOSAwareness #Gynecology #WomenEmpowerment #MedicalScience #PatientCare #HealthyLiving #WomensRights #Contraception #Wellness