CREATING COMMUNITIES - Anti-Urban Sprawl - Transit Oriented Development - Transit and Urban Planning скачать в хорошем качестве

CREATING COMMUNITIES - Anti-Urban Sprawl - Transit Oriented Development - Transit and Urban Planning

Creating Communities - Anti-Urban Sprawl - Transit Oriented Development - Transit and Urban Planning - 1995 Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) is a planning and development concept that focuses on creating compact, walkable, mixed-use communities centered around public transportation systems, such as rail and bus lines. The goal of TOD is to encourage the use of public transportation, reduce dependence on personal vehicles, and create sustainable, livable communities. Anti-urban sprawl initiatives of the 1990s aimed to counteract the trend of suburbanization and low-density development that characterized much of 20th-century urban growth. These initiatives sought to preserve open spaces, reduce environmental degradation, and promote more sustainable, efficient use of land by encouraging compact, mixed-use development and reinvestment in existing urban areas. Both TOD and anti-urban sprawl initiatives were influenced by a growing awareness of environmental issues, concerns about the social and economic costs of automobile dependency, and a desire to create more livable, walkable communities. These ideas were reflected in the policies of many cities and regional governments, as well as in the work of planning organizations and advocacy groups. Peter Calthorpe City of Gresham, Oregon Clackamas County Washington County Fairview, Oregon Hillsboro, Oregon Multnomah County 1000 Friends of Oregon Sensible Transportation Options for People The Energy Foundation Bicycle Federation of America METRO Policy Initiatives Group Tri-Met Transit Authority Bicycle Commuting Walkable Communities Pedestrian Environment Urban Sprawl Land Use Planning Environment Urban design Zoning Density Walkability Mixed-use development Public transportation Smart growth Sustainable development Livability Complete streets Green infrastructure Place-making Compact development Transit-supportive development Parking management TOD guidelines Urban revitalization TOD districts Land use regulation Pedestrian-oriented design Air Quality LUTRAQ Land Use Planning Suburban Sprawl Car Dependent Presented for educational purposes only.