GONDWANA AND TERTIARY COAL GEOLOGY IFOS, UPSC, SSC CGL, CIVIL ENGINEERING, GATE, IIT JAM, BSC скачать в хорошем качестве

GONDWANA AND TERTIARY COAL GEOLOGY IFOS, UPSC, SSC CGL, CIVIL ENGINEERING, GATE, IIT JAM, BSC

GONDWANA AND TERTIARY COAL GEOLOGY IFOS, UPSC, SSC CGL, CIVIL ENGINEERING, GATE, IIT JAM, BSC VISIT OUR WEBSITE https://www.souravsirclasses.com/ FOR COMPLETE LECTURES / STUDY MATERIALS /NOTES /GUIDENCE / PAST YEAR SOLVED +SAMPLE PAPAERS /TRICKS /MCQ / SHORT CUT/ VIDEO LECTURES /LIVE + ONLINE CLASSES GIVE US A CALL / WHAST APP AT 9836793076 Also find us at…. BLOGSPOT http://souravdas3366.blogspot.com/ SLIDES ON COURSES https://www.slideshare.net/Souravdas31 TWITTER   / souravdas3366   FACEBOOK   / sourav-sirs-.  . LINKED IN   / sourav-da.  . GOOGLE PLUS https://plus.google.com/+souravdassou... Gondwana Coal Gondwana coal makes up to 98 per cent of the total reserves and 99 per cent of the production of coal in India. Satpuras, denudation [weathering + erosion] has exposed coal bearing Gondwana strata. The carbon content in Gondwana coal [250 million years old] is less compared to the Carboniferous coal [350 million years old][Almost Absent in India] because of its much younger age. Gondwana coal forms India’s metallurgical grade as well as superior quality coal. The Damuda series (i.e. Lower Gondwana) possesses the best worked coalfields accounting for 80 per cent of the total coal production in India. 80 out of 113 Indian coalfields are located in the rock systems of the Damuda series [lower Gondwana Age]. Coking as well as non-coking and bituminous as well as sub-bituminous coal are obtained from Gondwana coal fields. Anthracite is generally not found in the Gondwana coal fields. The volatile compounds and ash (usually 13 – 30 per cent) and doesn’t allow Carbon percentage to rise above 55 to 60 per cent. [It requires few million years more if the quality has to get better. Remember Gondwana coal is 100 million years younger than Carboniferous coal]. Gondwana coal is free from moisture, but it contains Sulphur and Phosphorous. These basins occur in the valleys of certain rivers viz., the Damodar (Jharkhand-West Bengal); the Mahanadi (Chhattisgarh-Odisha); the Son (Madhya Pradesh Jharkhand); the Godavari and the Wardha (Maharashtra-Andhra Pradesh); the Indravati, the Narmada, the Koel, the Panch, the Kanhan and many more. Distribution of Gondwana Coal in India First coal mine was opened in 1774 at Raniganj in West Bengal. Coal industry was nationalized in 1973-74. [The present government made some serious changes during the last year [2015] by allowing private sector to play a bigger role in coal production]. India is now the third largest coal producer in the world after China and the USA. Coal industry provides employment to nearly seven lakh persons. Gondwana Coalfields == exclusively found in the Peninsular plateau of India. Classification of Coal in India On the basis of the age of coal formation, coal reserves in India can be classified into two types – Gondwana and Tertiary. Gondwana coal is mainly found in the river basin of the Damodar, Mahanadi, Godavari and Wardha. Most of the coal of India is of this type. The coal is very old and is of much better quality and includes the coking and non-coking bituminous coal. More than 90% of the total coal reserve and production in India is of Gondwana type. The Tertiary coal is younger in age. Tertiary group mainly includes two types – sub-bituminous and lignite. The Tertiary coal has low car­bon and high percentage of moisture and sulphur. Gondwana coal fields i). These mines are the main producers of coal in India. ii). These are more than 200 million years old. iii). These produce good quality of coal. iv). Gondwana coal occurs in Damodar valley, the Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and the Wardha valley. Teritary Coal fields i). These are the minor producers of coal in India. ii). These are only 55 million years old. iii). These produce a poor quality of coal. iv). Teritary coal occurs in the north eastern states of Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland. According to quality (carbon content), the coal may be divided into following classes: 1. Anthracite: It is the best quality coal and its carbon content is as much as 92% with a low volatile matter and very little moisture. It is hard and heavy and burns with great heat. 2. Bituminous: It is also of good quality coal next to Anthracite. It’s carbon content is up to 85%. Coal mined in India, is mainly of bituminous type of Gondwana age. 3. Lignite: It is inferior quality coal, full of moisture and volatile matter. Its carbon content is less than 50%. It is also known as ‘brown coal’. 4. Peat: It is the first stage in the formation of coal. It is light and woody and has poor heating capacity. Gondwana coal makes up to 98 per cent of the total reserves and 99per cent of the production of coal in India. Satpuras, denudation[weathering + erosion] has exposed coal bearing Gondwana strata.