11.明初火藥火器的飛躍式發展The rapid development of gunpowder firearms in the early Ming Dynasty скачать в хорошем качестве

11.明初火藥火器的飛躍式發展The rapid development of gunpowder firearms in the early Ming Dynasty

明朝前期火器大放異彩的原因和火藥火器的具體進步情況 明朝初建，軍事形勢十分嚴峻，割據四川的夏政權，實力雄厚，憑藉天險，頗有分庭抗禮之意。 盤踞雲南的元梁王，仍舊聽命於北元。北元殘餘勢力雖然隱退大漠，但仍有百萬之眾。 東南沿海倭寇襲擾不斷。 面對種種威脅，朱元璋不敢掉以輕心。 關於記錄明代火藥的著作就有《火龍神器陣法》《武編》《兵錄》《武備志》《火龍經》《西法神機》《火攻》等，火藥配方更是多達90餘種。 明朝的火藥與之前大有不同，火藥種類繁多而精細。 火藥家族多了3個新成員： ①爆炸火藥 主要用於起爆，摧毀。 ②發射火藥 由硝、硫、炭三種物質按一定比例組成，不含其它成分，專門供火砲、火銃使用。 ③火繩火藥 這類火藥製作十分精細，用於製造火器的引線。 還有其他專門的火藥，由此可見明朝的火藥比宋朝和元朝有了質的飛躍。 崇禎年間成書的《西法神機》記載火銃和鳥銃的發射火藥配比是：硝佔75.8%，硫佔10.6%，炭佔13.6%。這個比例以及十分合理。 在《武備志》中，唐順之和茅元儀明確提出火藥各成分所起的作用。 硝石、硫磺、木炭三者要相互匹配，如果硝石木炭偏少而硫磺過多，則火藥只能速燃而發力不猛。硝石硫磺少木炭多則火藥燃速慢且火力弱。缺少木炭或硫磺，火藥則不能充分爆炸。 將硝石比作皇帝，而硫磺和木炭則是大臣，說明了硝石在黑火藥中的主導地位。 明代的火銃 明朝火銃的發展主要分兩個階段，第一階段是洪武至建文時期（1368-1402）第二階段是永樂至正德時期（1403-1521），明朝的火器規模和使用達到了前所未有的高度。 在洪武十三年後，每三年要造碗口銃3000門，手銃3000支。 當到了永樂七年（1409年）所造的天字號手銃，僅9月一個月時間就製造18387支火銃。當然火銃的製造不是一直進行的，主要取決於軍需，不過通過數字可以看出當時明軍兵工廠的產能和當時火銃的使用極其普遍。 明代洪武火銃的進步 與元火銃相比，洪武年間的手銃和碗口銃製造工藝更加精細，成品表面和砲膛光滑，銃壁厚度均勻，外相美觀。 其次洪武手銃的規格統一，尺寸誤差較小。 到了明朝永樂至正德時代火銃的種類變為四種。 單兵手銃，中型手銃，輕型銃炮，和大型銃炮。 -對比洪武年間的手銃，正德年間的明代手銃外形上有較大改變 ①前膛不再是簡單的直筒，而是自銃口到藥室逐漸增大，類似現在的粉筆，這是由於前膛壁自銃口至藥室逐漸增厚的結果。構造上的改進，說明當時人們已經清楚火藥在藥室內燃燒後作用於膛壁的壓強，自藥室至銃口成遞減分佈的狀況。藥室承受壓力大所以厚重，而銃口承受壓力小因而輕薄。 ②手銃的藥室火門外，增加了一個長方形的曲面活動蓋，蓋子的一端用鐵鍊固定在銃身上。填裝火藥後可以用蓋子封住火藥，保持藥室內的火藥乾燥潔淨。 ③增配了裝藥物匙和“木馬子”，“木馬子”是用來壓實火藥的木質桿。 發射過程 以藥匙將火藥填入藥室→將壇木馬子放入→以木槌將木馬子舂實→將多顆鉛子放入→再次舂實鉛子→打開火門→將火捻放入火門並倒上少許火藥→以肩窩夾住銃架與將銃架尾端抵住地面→發射 但是再好的火銃也是一次性玩意，用過一次後就變成了燒火棍。當然後來把火銃的前端安裝上了槍頭，發射完後還可以當長槍來用。為了解決“發而莫繼”，到了明朝正統年間發明了連發銃，比如兩頭銅銃，三捷神機，五雷神機銃，八斗銃等，更加離譜的是據《武備志》記載，還有十眼銃，可以來回調轉發射十次，真不給人活路啊！ 其中明末北方軍隊大量裝配的近戰神器三眼銃就是其中的佼佼者！ 三眼銃有三道火藥管，所以可以做到一起發射三粒彈丸，由於填裝火藥較多，40步內可破甲，如果在每個火藥管加裝多顆彈丸，威力則倍增。 明朝組建的神機營為了讓火銃發揮更大的效能，解決換彈麻煩等問題，通常火器營與五軍營和三千營同步進退，有步兵和騎兵的配合，明軍的神機營如虎添翼，所向披靡。徵交趾，平漠，北神機營功不可沒。 可以說在這個階段中國的火藥火器最為先進。 The reasons why firearms shine in the early Ming Dynasty and the specific progress of gunpowder firearms At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the military situation was very severe. The king of Yuanliang, who was entrenched in Yunnan, still obeyed Beiyuan. Although the remnants of Beiyuan retreated into the desert, there were still millions of them. On the southeast coast, Japanese pirates continued to harass. In the face of various threats, Zhu Yuanzhang did not dare to take it lightly. Books about the records of gunpowder in the Ming Dynasty include "Fire Dragon Artifact Array", "Wu Bian", "Bing Lu", "Wu Bei Zhi", "Fire Dragon Classic", "Western Magic Machine", "Fire Attack", etc. There are more than 90 kinds of gunpowder formulas. . The gunpowder in the Ming Dynasty was very different from the previous one, with a wide variety of fine gunpowder. The gunpowder family has 3 new members: ①Explosive powder Mainly used for detonation and destruction. ② shoot gunpowder It is composed of nitrate, sulfur and charcoal in a certain proportion, and does not contain other components. It is specially used for artillery and fire guns. ③ matchlock gunpowder This type of gunpowder is very finely crafted and is used to make the leads of firearms. There are other special gunpowders, which shows that the gunpowder of the Ming Dynasty has made a qualitative leap compared with the Song Dynasty and the Yuan Dynasty. The "Xifa Shenji" written in the Chongzhen period records that the ratio of gunpowder for fire guns and bird guns is: 75.8% of nitrate, 10.6% of sulfur, and 13.6% of charcoal. This ratio is also very reasonable. Ming Dynasty cannon But no matter how good the firearm is, it is a one-time thing, and after one use, it becomes a fire stick. Of course, the front end of the fire gun was installed on the gun head, which can also be used as a long gun after firing. In order to solve the problem of "fading and not following", in the orthodox years of the Ming Dynasty, continuous firing guns were invented, such as the two-headed bronze gun, the Sanjie Shenji, the Wulei Shenji gun, the eight fighting guns, etc. What is even more outrageous is that according to "Wu Bei Zhi" records, There are also ten-eyed guns, which can be fired back and forth ten times, really not giving people a way to live! Among them, the three-eyed gun, a melee artifact widely assembled by the northern army in the late Ming Dynasty, is one of the best! The three-eyed gun has three gunpowder tubes, so it can fire three projectiles at the same time. Due to the large amount of gunpowder filled, the armor can be broken within 40 steps. If multiple projectiles are added to each gunpowder tube, the power will be doubled. The Shenji Battalion established in the Ming Dynasty in order to make the firearms more effective and solve problems such as the trouble of changing bullets, usually the firearms battalion advances and retreats simultaneously with the Fifth Army Battalion and the Three Thousand Battalions, with the cooperation of infantry and cavalry, the Shenji Battalion of the Ming army. Like a tiger with wings, it is invincible. Conquest of Jiaozhi, flat desert, Beishenji has contributed greatly. It can be said that China's gunpowder firearms are the most advanced at this stage.