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special tests for knee examination

-we will illustrate the special tests for knee examination. knee examination include detailed history taking, inspection, palpation, range of motion and special tests. -history of knee examination: focusing on main complain either pain, instability (giving way, locking), deformity and stifness and how it is related to daily activities. -Physical Exam: starting by Gait then inspecting Skin Contour and Deformity -At the edge of bed: observe Patellar tracking. -Supine: Extended (full or not, effusion, collateral, Q angle) then Flexed (compare to other side, palpation, posterior sag, ACL, PCL, mcmurray's test) -Effusion: including Wipe test Ballottement and Patellar tap. -Collateral examination in full extension and in 30 degree flexion. -Palpation in systemic way with bony land marks then soft tissue. -anterior cruciate ligament examination starting with posterior sag sign, anterior drawer and lachman test and Pivot shift test -Posterior drawer for posterior cruciate ligament examination. -knee examination mcmurray's test and Apply compression test for meniscal injuries. dial test for PLC. -Patellofemoral pain examination include: Inspection Palpation and Tilt, translation apprehension orthopedic spine lecture. please do not hesitate to ask me Good luck