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Stages of Ovarian Cancer

There are four stages of Ovarian Cancer. In Stage 1, the Growth is limited to the ovaries only. In stage 2, Growth involves one or both ovaries with pelvic extension involving uterus, bladder, sigmoid colon or rectum. In Stage 3, Tumor involves one or both ovaries with histologically confirmed peritoneal implants outside of the pelvis including spread to retroperitoneal lymph nodes like pelvic or para-aortic lymph nodes. In Stage 4, Growth involves one or both ovaries and there is presence of distant metastases, often to lungs or spleen. Surgical staging of ovarian cancer is performed at laparotomy via a midline incision if disease is suspected preoperatively. Women at high risk of ovarian cancer may be offered risk-reducing surgery in the form of prophylactic bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy especially as they may also be at increased risk of breast cancer with some evidence suggesting that an oophorectomy can reduce the risk of breast cancer in these women.