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Geach's Theory of Relative Identity

The video excerpt explores philosopher Peter Geach’s concept of relative identity, which radically challenges the traditional view of absolute identity or sameness. Geach argued that asking if X is the same as Y is a meaningless question unless a sortal term is included, forcing one to ask, "the same what." This sortal term, which names the category (like "lump of clay" or "statue"), makes identity relative to the specific category being discussed. The source illustrates this idea using the puzzle of a lump of clay being sculpted into a statue, showing that the object can be the same lump of clay but not the same statue simultaneously, resolving the paradox. Ultimately, Geach's theory suggests that sameness is not a fixed, absolute property but a relationship dependent on context and the question asked, impacting centuries of philosophical thought.