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基于选票的民主制度能不能有效地保卫人民的自由。这里我想用一张图来理清民主和自由的关系。 首先,我们要承认,一个无政府的社会无法保护人民的基本自由,无政府会导致弱肉强食,所以人民,尤其是弱势群体需要政府提供最基本的保护。从本质上说,管理人民的政府大体可以分为两类,一类是专制政府,一类是民主政府。专制政府是用少数人的意志来统治多数人,而民主政府通过选举,用多数人的意志来统治社会。有人总结说,专制政府一般是把人民分成两拨,让他们互相争斗,统治者得利;民主政府一般是把政客分成两拨,让他们互相争斗,人民得利。所以看起来民主总是比专制好,专制政府会侵害人民的自由,而民主政府会保护人民的自由。然而事实却并非如此简单。专制政府有可能带来暴君政治,而民主政府则有可能带来暴民政治。在历史和现实中,我们都可以看到很多民主制度失败的例子。这是为什么呢? 因为民主制度从根本上是建立在对人的信任的基础之上的。当人们道德下降时,这种信任就必然被滥用。光靠民主制度,根本不足以保护人民的自由。阿克顿勋爵在“自由史论”中总结道,每个时代,自由都面临四大威胁:第一、是强人对于权力集中的渴望。第二、是穷人对于财富不平均的怨恨。第三、是无知者对于乌托邦的向往。第四、是没有信仰的人把自由和放纵混为一谈。事实上,这四种威胁不仅存在于专制的时代,也存在于民主的时代。 ...... #美國大選#選舉舞弊#VoterFraud 如何写论文5分钟系列讲座 • 如何写论文5分钟系列讲座 百家杂谈 • 百家杂谈 论文怎么写?欢迎来到Dr.Liu的5分钟系列讲座。 1. 论文的三段式结构 2. 引言的逻辑解析 3. 研究选题的三种途径 4. 确立研究目标的两个原则 5. 文献综述的两个基本点 6. 阅读文献的两个阶段 7. 阅读文献的三要三不要 8. 用故事逻辑写文献综述 9. 文献分析的三种逻辑推理方法 10. 如何从文献推出自己的论点 11. 用结构化思维构思文章 12. 如何分解和精选研究目标 13. 通过文献检索细化研究目标 14. 定义和描述研究目标 15. 如何写研究目标之实例讲解 16. 文献综述的实例讲解 17. 用批判性思维检阅文献 18. 结果,讨论和结论的写作要点 19. 讨论和结论的逻辑架构 20. 讨论和结论的四个方向及句型示例 21. 如何写好论文的摘要 22. 如何高效地用图表来展示数据 23. 如何做好文献阅读笔记 24. 如何高效阅读文献 More videos in English: Literature review 1: Learn and think. Why we do literature review, and how do I start -001 • 001 Literature Review in Research Methodol... Literature review 2: Cycles of the review process. Read from thick to thin, and then from thin to thick -002. • 002 Literature Review in Research Methodol... Literature review 3: How to generate a good research question. Three rhetorical patterns -003. • 003 Literature Review in Research Methodol... Literature review 4: How to set research objectives. Big idea and small steps -004. • 004 Literature Review in Research Methodol... Academic writing 1: How to write an opinion essay? Two effective models -005. • 005 Writing Research Papers a Complete Gui... Academic writing 2: Five tips to make your paper concise and clear -006. • 006 Writing research papers a complete gui... Academic writing 3: Three methods to develop a coherent paragraph -007. • 007 Writing research papers a complete gui... Research presentation 1: Three elements and two keys to make it impressive -008. • 008 Presentation Skills for Students in En... Research presentation 2: Five actionable tips to prepare a confident speech -009. • 009 Presentation Skills for Students in En... Research presentation 3: One mindset fix and 5 tricks to project confidence on stage -010. • 010 Presentation Skills for Students in En... How to read fast and learn more? A structural method for the information age -011. • 011 Literature review in research methodol... Add life to your presentations using storytelling -012. • 012 Presentation Skills for Students in En... How to Give an Engaging Presentations | Tips for Q&A -013. • 013 Presentation Skills for Students in En... How to Stop Procrastinating - 3 Tips on Self-Motivation -014. • 014 How to Stop Procrastinating - Motivati... How to be More Productive | Multi-tasking and Teamwork -015. • 015 Motivational Tips for Life - Secret to... How to be a Clearer Thinker | Model Thinking and Systems Thinking -016. • 016 Motivational Tips for Life - How to be... How to Find The Job You Love | The Road to Financial Freedom -017. • 017 Financial freedom motivational speech ... Three Ways to Find Your Strength and Two Tips to Leverage It -018. • 018 Motivational Tips for Life - How to Fi... Introduction to Academic Writing - How to Write Conclusions | Inductive, Deductive, and Abductive reasoning -019. • 019 Writing research papers a complete gui... Introduction to Academic Writing – How to Write a Compelling Introduction -020. • 020 Writing research papers a complete gui... The #1 Enemy to Kill If We Want Growth and Success -021. • 021 Motivational Tips for Life - The #1 En... Introduction to Academic Writing - How to Write a Research Proposal -022. • 022 Writing research papers a complete gui... Two Basic Rules for Time and Energy Management | Four Time Blocks That We Need On Schedule -023. • 023 Time Management and Energy Management ... How to Read to Learn More and Remember Longer | Deep Reading and SQ3R -024. • 024 How to Read to Learn More and Remember... Literature Review in Research Methodology - How to Narrow Down a Research Topic -025. • 025 Literature Review in Research Methodol... Job Interviews Presentation - How To Do a Research Talk for Job Interview -026. • 026 Job Interviews Presentation - How To ... PowerPoint presentation tips for students | Designing effective visual aids -027. • 027 PowerPoint presentation tips for stude... ... ... To Subscribe Dr. Liu ResearchTIPS: / @drliuresearchtips