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The Dark Side of Conservation: A Colonial History

Argues that modern conservation is built on a colonial and violent foundation. Key points covered: The origin of fortress conservation in US National Parks, based on the violent erasure of Indigenous peoples. The racist ideologies of early conservationists like John Muir and links to eugenics. The global export of this exclusionary model by major NGOs (WWF, IUCN), leading to mass displacement. The escalation to green militarization: using military tactics against local communities. Case studies of human rights abuses by WWF-funded eco-guards in Cameroon and DRC. Argues that modern Western conservation, particularly the fortress conservation model, is fundamentally built on a violent, colonial legacy that began with the creation of US national parks and has been exported globally, resulting in widespread human rights abuses and green militarization. The logic posits that the myth of untouched wilderness, exemplified by Yosemite, was manufactured through the violent erasure of indigenous peoples, a process championed by early conservationists like John Muir who held racist beliefs and whose movement was linked to eugenics. This exclusionary fortress conservation model, which forcibly removes indigenous and local communities by criminalizing their traditional practices, was then exported worldwide by major international NGOs like the WWF and IUCN, leading to the displacement of millions. This approach escalates into green militarization, where military actors and tactics are used, framing local resource users as poachers or insurgents, and is supported by a conservation security development nexus where development aid is conditional on compliance. Concrete examples from Lobeke National Park in Cameroon and Salonga National Park in the DRC detail how WWF-funded eco-guards committed torture, beatings, and other abuses against indigenous communities, highlighting a profound failure of oversight and accountability within the conservation movement.