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V. Balanced Rating Changes

للاستفسار : فيس بوك :   / eslam.khder.98   لينكد ان : https://www.linkedin.cn/in/eslam-khde... sheet 9 الي بنحله : https://codeforces.com/group/MWSDmqGs... رابط GitHub الي عليه حل المسائل : https://github.com/EslamKhder/problem... رابط شرح pointer :    • pointer in (C++)   رابط شرح String to int :    • string to Int   رابط شرح ال % :    • % modulus   رابط ASCII Code : http://sticksandstones.kstrom.com/app... فديو شرح ASCII Code :    • ASCII Code   فديو شرح String == Array of char :    • String === Array of Char   =========================================================== (/ˌsiːˌplʌsˈplʌs/) is a general-purpose programming language created by Bjarne Stroustrup as an extension of the C programming language, or "C with Classes". The language has expanded significantly over time, and modern C++ now has object-oriented, generic, and functional features in addition to facilities for low-level memory manipulation. It is almost always implemented as a compiled language, and many vendors provide C++ compilers, including the Free Software Foundation, LLVM, Microsoft, Intel, Oracle, and IBM, so it is available on many platforms.[9]C++ was designed with an orientation toward system programming and embedded, resource-constrained software and large systems, with performance, efficiency, and flexibility of use as its design highlights.[10] C++ has also been found useful in many other contexts, with key strengths being software infrastructure and resource-constrained applications,[10] including desktop applications, video games, servers (e.g. e-commerce, web search, or databases), and performance-critical applications (e.g. telephone switches or space probes).[11]C++ is standardized by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), with the latest standard version ratified and published by ISO in December 2020 as ISO/IEC 14882:2020 (informally known as C++20).[12] The C++ programming language was initially standardized in 1998 as ISO/IEC 14882:1998, which was then amended by the C++03, C++11, C++14, and C++17 standards. The current C++20 standard supersedes these with new features and an enlarged standard library. Before the initial standardization in 1998, C++ was developed by Danish computer scientist Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs since 1979 as an extension of the C language; he wanted an efficient and flexible language similar to C that also provided high-level features for program organization.[13] Since 2012, C++ has been on a three-year release schedule[14] with C++23 as the next planned standard.[15]Contents 1 History 1.1 Etymology 1.2 Philosophy 1.3 Standardization 2 Language 2.1 Object storage 2.1.1 Static storage duration objects 2.1.2 Thread storage duration objects 2.1.3 Automatic storage duration objects 2.1.4 Dynamic storage duration objects 2.2 Templates 2.3 Objects 2.3.1 Encapsulation 2.3.2 Inheritance 2.4 Operators and operator overloading 2.5 Polymorphism 2.5.1 Static polymorphism 2.5.2 Dynamic polymorphism 2.5.2.1 Inheritance 2.5.2.2 Virtual member functions 2.6 Lambda expressions 2.7 Exception handling 3 Standard library 4 C++ Core Guidelines 5 Compatibility 5.1 With C 6 Criticism 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External linksHistoryBjarne Stroustrup, the creator of C++, in his AT&T New Jersey office c. 2000In 1979, Bjarne Stroustrup, a Danish computer scientist, began work on "C with Classes", the predecessor to C++.[16] The motivation for creating a new language originated from Stroustrup's experience in programming for his PhD thesis. Stroustrup found that Simula had features that were very helpful for large software development, but the language was too slow for practical use, while BCPL was fast but too low-level to be suitable for large software development. When Stroustrup started working in AT&T Bell Labs, he had the problem of analyzing the UNIX kernel with respect to distributed computing. Remembering his PhD experience, Stroustrup set out to enhance the C language with Simula-like features.[17] C was chosen because it was general-purpose, fast, portable and widely used. As well as C and Simula's influences, other languages also influenced this new language, including ALGOL 68, Ada, CLU and ML.Initially, Stroustrup's "C with Classes" added features to the C compiler, Cpre, including classes, derived classes, strong typing, inlining and default arguments.[18]A quiz on C++11 features being given in Paris in 2015In 1982, Stroustrup started to develop a successor to C with Classes, which he