lecture -1 introduction of hydrology and hydrological cycle скачать в хорошем качестве

lecture -1 introduction of hydrology and hydrological cycle

hydrology in nepali. Hydrology is the study of water in the Earth's system. It encompasses the distribution, movement, and quality of water in various forms, including groundwater, surface water, atmospheric water, and ice. Hydrology is a branch of earth science that draws from a range of fields such as physics, geology, chemistry, and biology to understand the interactions between water and the environment. The hydrological cycle, also known as the water cycle, describes the continuous movement of water between the Earth's surface and atmosphere. This cycle involves various processes such as evaporation, precipitation, transpiration, infiltration, and runoff, which are driven by solar energy, gravity, and atmospheric circulation. The hydrological cycle is a crucial component of the Earth's climate system and supports life on Earth by providing water for plants, animals, and human societies. Hydrological cycle: The hydrological cycle is driven by solar radiation that heats the Earth's surface and causes water to evaporate from the surface of oceans, lakes, and rivers, and from the soil and vegetation. The water vapor rises into the atmosphere and forms clouds through condensation, a process that involves the cooling of air at higher altitudes. As the clouds grow larger and heavier, they release moisture in the form of precipitation, which can be in the form of rain, snow, sleet, or hail. A portion of the precipitation infiltrates the soil and recharges groundwater, while the remainder flows as runoff into rivers, streams, and oceans. The water that infiltrates the soil becomes available for plant growth and can also recharge aquifers, which are underground layers of permeable rock or soil that store water. Some of the water that infiltrates the soil can also become groundwater recharge, which can flow through the soil to underground streams, which eventually discharge into surface water sources like lakes, streams, and rivers. Once precipitation reaches the ground surface, it can be taken up by vegetation through a process called transpiration, where water is absorbed by plant roots and released into the atmosphere through tiny openings in the leaves. Transpiration helps to cool the plant and maintain its internal water balance. The hydrological cycle is a continuous process that involves various feedback mechanisms. For instance, increased evaporation from the ocean surface can lead to more atmospheric moisture and thus more precipitation. Similarly, deforestation can reduce transpiration and lead to less atmospheric moisture, which in turn can lead to less precipitation. Climate change can alter the hydrological cycle by affecting evaporation rates, precipitation patterns, and the timing and intensity of storms. Hydrology: Hydrology encompasses various sub-disciplines, including surface water hydrology, groundwater hydrology, ecohydrology, and hydroinformatics. Surface water hydrology is concerned with the movement, storage, and quality of water in rivers, lakes, and wetlands. This includes the study of river flow, flood prediction, sediment transport, and water quality. Surface water hydrology also involves the design and management of water resources, such as dams, reservoirs, and irrigation systems. Groundwater hydrology is focused on the study of water that is stored in underground aquifers. This includes the processes of groundwater recharge, flow, and discharge, as well as the interaction between groundwater and surface water. Groundwater hydrology is important for the management of groundwater resources, such as for drinking water, agriculture, and industry. Eco hydrology is a field that explores the interactions between water, ecosystems, and human activities. This includes the study of how changes in the hydrological cycle can affect plant and animal communities, as well as how ecosystems can impact water quality and quantity. Ecohydrology is essential for understanding the ecological impacts of water resource management practices, such as dam construction and land-use changes. Hydroinformatics is a field that focuses on the use of information.