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In this Physiology Shorts video, Simon McMullan, Erin Lynch and Bowen Dempsey (Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health & Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia) talks about their recent study investigating how descending pathways from the superior colliculus mediating autonomic and respiratory effects associated with orienting behaviour. Read more in The Journal of Physiology: Erin Lynch, Bowen Dempsey, Christine Saleeba, Eloise Monteiro, Anita Turner, Peter G. R. Burke, Andrew M. Allen, Roger A. L. Dampney, Cara M. Hildreth, Jennifer L. Cornish, Ann K. Goodchild, Simon McMullan 600(24), pp. 5311-5332 https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.co... Transcript: I'm Erin Lynch. I'm Bowen Dempsey, and I'm Simon McMullan. And we're part of the neurobiology of Vital Systems Lab here at Macquarie University in Sydney, Australia. We're Systems Neuroscience Lab. We're interested in understanding the structure and the function of the neural circuits that keep us alive through the control of the cardiovascular and the respiratory systems. We're also interested in understanding how these circuits can become co-opted by higher centres, such as emotion, arousal and sleep. The background to the current study stems from a series of observations made to the anesthetized Rat, which found that this inhibition of a sensory integration hub in the dorsal brainstem, the superior calculus unmasked tightly coordinated, respiratory, sympathetic and somatic motor outputs. The objective of the current study, was to try and figure out the organization of the circuits that underlie those effects, and to provide a behavioural context for them,in the awake animal. We found that optogenetic stimulation of the deep SC drove naturalistic orienting like behaviours in the absence of any anxiety like measures and ultrasonic vocalizations. However, we did see electrophysiological effects of arousal in these behaving animals. With the emergence of the theta band, we also saw an increase in breathing rate and also the evidence of sympathetic activity via decreases in tail temperature of these rats. These effects did persist under urethane anesthesia, indicating that what we were recording in the behaving animal was not actually driven by motor outputs. Based on these results, we wanted to investigate whether there was a direct projection from the deep superior calculus to brainstem autonomic centres that could be mediating these effects that we saw. We used anterograde tracing, which identified a projection from the deep SC to the gigantic cellular reticular formation within the brain stem. We then verified that this projection was likely mediating the autonomic effects that we saw by stimulating optogenetically, the deep SC terminal projections within the gigantic cellular reticular formation. And we were able to recapitulate the cardiovascular effects that we saw in both behaving and anesthetized animals previously. The ability to generate motor responses to environmental stimuli is incredibly important for survival in both animals and humans. The superior colliculus produces many of these immediate critical behaviours, like quarantining away from perceived threats, freezing or fleeing. We have known for a long time that these immediate motor responses are also recruited in parallel to autonomic changes, including increases in heart rate, blood pressure and respiratory frequency. Our study contributes to a growing body of work that suggests that neurons in the colliculus that are responsible for integrating sensory information and producing motor behaviours are also responsible for generating the autonomic responses that support these behaviours. Our data suggests that this occurs via an output circuit that projects to the ventral lateral medulla. Thanks for taking the time to find out more about our study published recently in the Journal of Physiology. The full paper was published in Volume 600 issue number 24. Please feel free to reach out and contact me at this email address if you have any further questions.