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Work and Organizations

Job design is an important method managers can use to enhance employee performance. When work design is addressed at the individual level, it is most commonly referred to as job design; it can be defined as how organizations define and structure jobs. As we will see, properly designed jobs can have a positive impact on the motivation, performance, and job satisfaction of those who perform them. On the other hand, poorly designed jobs can impair motivation, performance, and job satisfaction. Participation occurs when employees have a voice in decisions about their own work. Empowerment is the process of enabling workers to set their own work goals, make decisions, and solve problems within their spheres of responsibility and authority. Thus, empowerment is a somewhat broader concept that promotes participation in a wide variety of areas, including but not limited to work itself, work context, and work environment. The role of participation and empowerment in motivation can be expressed in terms of both the need-based perspectives and the expectancy theory. Employees who participate in decision making may be more committed to executing decisions properly. Employees who are given more freedom concerning how they work are likely to need additional training to help them exercise that freedom most effectively. From a motivational perspective, a goal is a meaningful objective. A person who achieves a goal will be proud of having done so, whereas a person who fails to achieve a goal will feel personal disappointment and perhaps even shame. People’s degree of pride or disappointment is affected by their self-efficacy, the extent to which they feel that they can still meet their goals even if they failed to do so in the past.