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Linux

Learn more at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux Content adapted from Wikipedia under CC BY-SA 4.0 Kernel Space vs. User Space – Separation of memory areas: the kernel runs in kernel space with full privileges, while applications run in user space with restricted access. Daemon – A background process that runs continuously (e.g., sshd for remote logins). System Call (syscall) – The interface between user applications and the Linux kernel (e.g., read(), fork()). cgroups (Control Groups) – A Linux kernel feature to limit, isolate, and prioritize resources (CPU, memory, I/O) for processes. Namespaces – Kernel feature for isolating resources like process IDs, network interfaces, and mount points (used in containers like Docker). SELinux / AppArmor – Security frameworks for enforcing mandatory access controls (MAC) in Linux systems. Inode – A data structure used by Linux filesystems to store metadata about files (permissions, ownership, timestamps, etc.). init / systemd – The first process started by the kernel, responsible for bootstrapping and managing services. Shell Expansion – Advanced shell feature where the shell expands wildcards, variables, or command substitutions before execution. Runlevels / Targets – System states that define which services and processes should run (classic SysV runlevels, modern systemd targets).