The Ghadar Movement: How Indian Americans Fought Against British Raj скачать в хорошем качестве

The Ghadar Movement: How Indian Americans Fought Against British Raj

The Ghadar Movement (Punjabi: ਗ਼ਦਰ ਪਾਰਟੀ (Gurmukhi), غدر پارٹی (Shahmukhi)) was an early 20th century, international political movement founded by expatriate Indians to overthrow British rule in India. The early membership was composed mostly of Punjabi Indians who lived and worked on the West Coast of the United States and Canada, but the movement later spread to India and Indian diasporic communities around the world. The official founding has been dated to a meeting on 15 July 1913 in Astoria, Oregon, with the Ghadar headquarters and Hindustan Ghadar newspaper based in San Francisco, California. 1915 Lahore Conspiracy Case trial or First Lahore Conspiracy Case, was a series of trials held in Lahore, and in the United States, in the aftermath of the failed Ghadar conspiracy from 26 April to 13 September 1915. There were nine cases in total. The trial was held by a Special tribunal constituted under the Defence of India Act 1915. Out of a total of 291 convicted conspirators, 42 were executed, 114 got life sentences and 93 got varying terms of imprisonment. 42 defendants in the trial were acquitted. The uncovering of the conspiracy also saw the initiation of the Hindu German Conspiracy trial in the United States.